Skip to main content

South Africa: Apartheid and Post-Apartheid

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History

Abstract

Clark offers a comprehensive overview of the development of apartheid in South Africa and its consequences to the present. Focusing on the incremental elaboration of racial segregation in South Africa, she demonstrates the continuing impact of the past on post-apartheid South Africa. The chapter draws attention to the crucial role played by Africans outside of the political process in bringing about the end of apartheid through protests, boycotts, and strikes. Clark also discusses continuing problems in the post-apartheid period leading to the growing disenchantment with the ANC Government under Jacob Zuma. The chapter brings to light the research of authors working in the post-apartheid period with information that was previously suppressed. Using these sources, Clark provides a broad picture of how apartheid worked, how it was defeated, and the current problems facing South Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Adler, Glenn, and Eddie Webster, eds. Trade Unions and Democratization in South Africa, 1985–97. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azania, Malaika Wa. Memoirs of a Born-Free: Reflections on the Rainbow Nation. Auckland Park: Jacana, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, Jeremy. Striking Back: A History of Cosatu. London: Verso, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basson, J.L. J. G. Strijdom: Sy Politieke Loopbaan van 1929 tot 1948. Pretoria: Wonderboom, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biko, Steve. I Write What I Like: Selected Writings. University of Chicago Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhlungu, Sakhela, and Malehoko Tshoaedi, eds. COSATU’s Contested Legacy: South African Trade Unions in the Second Decade of Democracy. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callinicos, Luli. Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. Cape Town: New Africa Books, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, Janet. Spear of the Nation: Umkhonto We Sizwe: South Africa’s Liberation Army, 1960s–1990s. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chikane, Frank. Eight Days in September: The Removal of Thabo Mbeki. Johannesburg: Picador, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couper, Scott. Albert Luthuli: Bound by Faith. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Stephen. Apartheid’s Rebels: Inside South Africa’s Hidden War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Klerk, F.W. The Last Trek—A New Beginning: The Autobiography. London: Macmillan, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Kock, Eugene. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dlamini, Jacob. Askari: A Story of Collaboration and Betrayal in the Anti-Apartheid Struggle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubow, Saul. Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid in South Africa, 1919–1936. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Apartheid 1948–1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgar, Robert, and Luyanda Ka Msumza, eds. Freedom in Our Lifetime: The Collected Writings of Anton Muziwakhe Lembede. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, Stephen. Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile. London: Currey, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feit, Edward. Workers Without Weapons: The South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Organization of the African Workers. Hamden: Archon Books, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fieldhouse, Roger. Anti-Apartheid: A History of the Movement in Britain: A Study in Pressure Group Politics. London: Merlin Press, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, Philip. An Ordinary Atrocity: Sharpeville and Its Massacre. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederikse, Julie. They Fought for Freedom: David Webster. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerhart, Gail. Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giliomee, Hermann. The Last Afrikaner Leaders: A Supreme Test of Power. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Givisser, Mark. Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred. Johannesburg: J. Ball, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman Sachs. Two Decades of Freedom: A 20-Year Review of South Africa. Johannesburg: Goldman Sachs, 2013. See http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/colin-coleman-south-africa/20-yrs-of-freedom.pdf.

  • Gordin, Jeremy. Zuma: A Biography. Johannesburg: J. Ball, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepple, Alexander. Verwoerd. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heunis, Jan. The Inner Circle: Reflections on the Last Days of White Rule. Johannesburg: J. Ball, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirson, Baruch. Year of Fire, Year of Ash: The Soweto Revolt: Roots of a Revolution? London: Zed Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horrell, Muriel. Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa to the End of 1976. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, Nancy. Environment, Power and Injustice: A South African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasrils, Ronnie. Armed and Dangerous: From Undercover Struggle to Freedom. Oxford: Heinemann, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keegan, Timothy J. Facing the Storm: Portraits of Black Lives in Rural South Africa. London: Zed Books, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keniston, Billy. Choosing to Be Free: The Life Story of Rick Turner. Auckland Park: Jacana, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenney, Henry. Architect of Apartheid: H.F. Verwoerd, an Appraisal. Johannesburg: J. Ball, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khumalo, Fred. Touch My Blood: The Early Years. Houghton: Umuzi Press, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolasa, Thomas Stanley. The South African Communist Party: Adapting to Thrive in a Post-Communist Age. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koorts, Lindie. D.F. Malan and the Rise of Afrikaner Nationalism. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krog, Antjie. Country of My Skull: Guilt, Sorrow, and the Limits of Forgiveness in the New South Africa. New York: Crown Books, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerumo, A. Fifty Fighting Years: The Communist Party of South Africa, 1921–1971. London: Inkululeko Publications, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodge, Tom. Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthuli, Albert. Let My People Go. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macqueen, Ian. “Students, Apartheid and the Ecumenical Movement in South Africa, 1960–1975.” Journal of Southern African Studies 39, no. 2 (2013): 447–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie. 491 Days: Prisoner 1323/69. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magaziner, Daniel. The Law and the Prophets: Black Consciousness in South Africa, 1968–1977. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maloka, Eddy. The South African Communist Party, 1963–1990. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Friends of the Natives: The Inconvenient Past of South African Liberalism. Durban: 3rd Millenium Publishing, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. New York: Back Bay Books, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangcu, Xolela. Biko: A Biography. Cape Town: Tafelberg Press, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Retracing Nelson Mandela through the Lineage of Black Political Thoughts.” Transition 112 (2013): 101–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, Hein. South Africa Pushed to the Limit: The Political Economy of Change. London: Zed Books, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mare, Gerhard, and Georgina Hamilton. An Appetite for Power: Buthelezi’s Inkatha and South Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, Anthony. Lessons of Struggle: South African Internal Opposition, 1960–1990. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbeki, Govan. Learning from Robben Island: The Prison Writings of Govan Mbeki. London: J. Currey, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meli, Francis. A History of the ANC: South Africa Belongs to Us. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minter, Bill. Apartheid’s Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique. London: Zed Books, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moodie, Dunbar. The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo, Beverley. Death of An Idealist: In Search of Neil Aggett. Johannesburg: J. Ball, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndebele, Njabulo S. Fine Lines from the Box: Further Thoughts About Our Country. Houghton: Umuzi Press, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndlovu, Sifiso. The Soweto Uprisings: Counter-memories of June 1976. Ravan Press, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. The Decolonial Mandela: Peace, Justice and the Politics of Life. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odendaal, Andre. The Founders: The Origins of the ANC and the Struggle for Democracy in South Africa. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, Padraig. Shades of Difference: Mac Maharaj and the Struggle for South Africa. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Meara, Dan. Volkskapitalisme: Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934–1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Forty Lost Years: The Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948–1994. Ravan Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogrund, Benjamin. Robert Sobukwe: How Can Man Die Better. London: P. Halban, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posel, Deborah. The Making of Apartheid, 1948–1961: Conflict and Compromise. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posel, Deborah, and Graeme Simpson, eds. Commissioning the Past: Understanding South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potgieter, De Wet. Total Onslaught: Apartheid’s Dirty Tricks Exposed. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, Ambrose. Shooting at Sharpeville: The Agony of South Africa. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, Albie. The Soft Vengeance of a Freedom Fighter. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seekings, Jeremy. The UDF: A History of the United Democratic Front in South Africa: 1983–1991. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, Thula. Umkhonto we Sizwe: The ANC’s Armed Struggle. Cape Town: Penguin Random House, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sisulu, Elinor. Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In Our Lifetime. Claremont: David Philip, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • South Africa. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. Volumes 1–5. Cape Town: The Commission, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, Allister. Tomorrow Is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Road to Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorn, Hakan. Anti-Apartheid and the Emergence of a Global Civil Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Kessel, Ineke. Beyond Our Wildest Dreams: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Clark, N.L. (2018). South Africa: Apartheid and Post-Apartheid. In: Shanguhyia, M., Falola, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59426-6_40

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59426-6_40

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-59425-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-59426-6

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics