Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intellectual Property for Pharmaceuticals and Agro-Biotech in India

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Food, Health and the Knowledge Economy

  • 208 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter starts with the shift in India’s economic direction during the late 1980s and early 1990s towards a more open economy. A central element of this new orientation was the apparent necessity of India becoming capable of successfully competing in world markets, not least through building on the industrial, scientific and technological base built up since independence. The state moved to reform the intellectual property system to fit this new orientation and, importantly, that of making India amongst the top knowledge economies by 2020.The second part of the chapter analyses the social conflicts that have accompanied changes to the IP system related to pharmaceuticals and plant biotechnology, focusing in particular on the role of the state and some of their most visible consequences so far.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Alamgir, J. 2009. India’s Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anuradha, R.V., B. Taneja, and A. Kothari. 2001. ‘Experiences with biodiversity Policy-Making and Community Registers in India. In Participation in Access and Benefit-Sharing Policy, ed. K. Swiderska, 1–59. London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).

    Google Scholar 

  • Basheer, S. 2005. Policy Style Reasoning at the Indian Patent Office. Intellectual Property Quarterly 3: 309–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. Encouraging Drug Innovation. LiveMint, August 27. Available at http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/v4H58mw6oSVDJOl2hKkWbK/Encouraging-drug-innovation.html. Accessed 5 July 2016.

  • Bergeron, S. 2004. Fragments of Development: Nation, Gender, and the Space of Modernity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati, J. 1993. India in Transition: Freeing the Economy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bose, I. 2010. How Did the Indian Forest Rights Act 2006 Emerge? IPPG Discussion Papers, No. 39. University of Manchester. Available at http://re.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/forest%20rights%20act%202006-emerge.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2016.

  • Bound, K. 2007. India, the Uneven Innovator. London: Demos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cederlöf, G., and K. Sivaramakrishnan. 2006. Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihoods, and Identities in South Asia. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, Partha. 1993. The Nation and Its Fragments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chibber, V. 2012. Organized Interests, Development Strategies, and Social Policies. In Growth, Inequality, and Social Policy in India, ed. R. Nagaraj, 168–192. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, Bilal. 1999. Patent Lies and Latent Danger. Economics and Political Weekly 17: 976–993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drahos, Peter. 2010. The Global Governance of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dutfield, G. 2004. Intellectual Property, Biogenetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge. Abingdon: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutz, Mark, ed. 2007. Unleashing India’s Innovation: Toward Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • GoI. 2003. Science and Technology Policy 2003. Available at http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/Policy2003.htm. Accessed 11 July 2017.

  • ———. 2007. National Biotechnology Development Strategy. New Delhi: Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Invitation of Views on the Draft National IPR Strategy. New Delhi: Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Science. New Delhi: Technology and Innovation Policy, Ministry of Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Agricultural Census: All Indian Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, 2010–11, Ministry of Agriculture. Available at http://agcensus.nic.in/document/agcensus2010/CompleteReport.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2016.

  • Greene, W. 2007. The Emergence of India’s Pharmaceutical Industry and Implications for the U.S. Generic Drug Market. The US International Trade Commission, Working Paper No. 2007-05-A. Available at https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/EC200705A.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2016.

  • Gupta, A.S. 2010. B K Keayla: A Personal Reminiscence. Economic and Political Weekly 45 (51): 25–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herring, R.J. 1999. Embedded Particularism: India’s Failed Developmental State. In The Developmental State, ed. M. Woo-Cummings, 306–344. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, J. 1997. The Wealth of States: A Comparative Sociology of International Economic and Political Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J., S. Rozelle, C. Pray, and Q. Wang. 2002. Plant Biotechnology in China. Science 295: 674–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IDMA. 2009. Patents. Available at http://www.idma-assn.org/patents.html. Accessed 5 July 2016.

  • Islam, N. 2010. Indigenous Medicine as Commodity. Current Sociology 58 (5): 777–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iyer, K.V.R. 2002. The Doha-Delhi Odyssey. Frontline 19 (6): 16–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, R. 1999. Democratic Politics and Economic Reform in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2003. Neo-Liberalism Encounters India’s Indigenous Political Traditions. Economy and Society 32 (4): 584–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, K.J., and D. Abrol. 2009. Science, Technology and Innovation Policies in India: Achievements and Limits. In BRICS and Development Alternatives: Innovation Systems and Policies, ed. J.E. Cassiolato and V. Vitorino, 101–131. London: Anthem Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapczynski, A. 2009. Harmonization and Its Discontents: A Case Study of TRIPS Implementation in India’s Pharmaceutical Sector. California Law Review 97: 1570–1649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavani, S. 1999. R A Mashelkar-Catalyst for Change. Business India, June 28–July 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keayla, B.K. 2005. Amended Patents Act: A Critique. Combat Law 4 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Khilnani, S. 1997. The Idea of India. London: Hamish Hamilton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, A. 2006. Politics of Economic Growth in India, Part I & II. Economic and Political Weekly 6: 1361–1370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, A. 2012. State and Redistributive Development in India. In Economic Growth, Inequality and Social Development in India: Is Inclusive Growth Possible? ed. R. Nagaraj, 194–226. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, K., M. Fareedi, and S. Shalini Bhutani. 2009. Six Years of the Biological Diversity Act in India. Kalpavriksh and GRAIN, Delhi/Pune. Available at https://www.grain.org/article/entries/4172-6-years-of-the-biological-diversity-act-in-india. Accessed 15 July 2016.

  • Krishnaswamy, S. 2011. Access to Knowledge and Traditional Knowledge Protection. In Access to Knowledge in India, ed. Ramesh Subramanian and Lea Shaver. Gordonsville, VA: Bloomsbury Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna, V.V. 1997. A Portrait of the Scientific Community in India: Historical Growth and Contemporary Problems. In Scientific Communities in the Developing World, ed. J. Gaillard, V.V. Krishna, and R. Waast, 236–280. New Delhi: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. India. In BRICS National Systems of Innovation: The Role of the State, ed. M. Scerri and H.M.M. Lastres, 138–187. New Delhi: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, N., U. Quach, et al. 2004. Indian Biotechnology – Rapidly Evolving and Industry Led. Nature Biotechnology 22 (12): 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahtaney, P. 2007. India, China and Globalization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, D. 2011. Intellectual Property, Human Rights and Development: The Role of NGOs and Social Movements. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, J. 2007. The Tiger Awakens: the Tumultuous Transformation of India’s Patent System and the Rise of Indian Pharmaceutical Innovation. University of Pittsburgh Law Review 68: 491–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. Biotechnology Patenting in India: Will Bio-Generics Lead a Sunrise Industry to Bio-Innovation? Legal Studies Research Paper Series, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, Working Paper No. 2008-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherji, R. 2012. Ideas, Interests and the Tipping Point: Economic Change in India. Review of International Political Economy 20 (2): 363–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muzaka, V. 2011. The Politics of Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Medicines. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. The State as Facilitator and Legitimator of ‘New’ Capital Accumulation: The Case of Patent Reform in India. Journal of International Relations and Development iFirst: 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayar, B.R. 1979. A World Role: The Dialectics of Purpose and Power. In India: A Rising Middle Power, ed. John W. Mellor. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2000. The Limits of Economic Nationalism in India: Economic Reforms under the BJP-Led Government. Asian Survey 40 (5): 792–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, P. 2003. Biotech Firms, Biotech Politics: Negotiating GMOs in India. Institute of Development Studies, Working Paper 201, Brighton, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C., and A. Jayadev. 2011. Access to Medicines in India: A Review of Recent Concerns. In Access to Knowledge in India: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development, ed. L. Shaver and R. Subramanian, 78–108. London: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, R. 2013. The Long Green Revolution. The Journal of Peasant Studies 40 (1): 1–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pordié, L., and J.-P. GAudillière. 2014. The Reformulation Regime in Drug Discovery: Revisiting Polyherbals and Property Rights in the Ayurvedic Industry. East Asian Science, Technology and Science 8: 57–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, A. 2009. Capitalizing Disease: Biopolitics of Drug Trials in India. Theory, Culture, Society 26 (5): 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan, C. 2003. Does India Have a Trade Policy? The Hindu, April 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, K.S. 2005. Subjects of Speculation: Emergent Life Sciences and Market Logics in the United States and India. American Anthropologist 107 (1): 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenomic Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Biocapital as an Emergent Form of Life: Speculations on the Figure of the Experimental Subject. In Biosocialities, Genetics and the Social Sciences: Making Biologies and Identities, ed. S. Gibbon and C. Novas, 157–186. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, M.G. 1994. India and the North-South Politics of Global Environmental Issues: The Cases of Ozone Depletion, Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Oxford University, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna, T. 2002. Development of IPR Regime in India with Reference to Agricultural Biotechnology. Centre for Intellectual Property Rights, Research and Advocacy (CIPRA), National Law School of India University, Karnataka. Available at https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/Ramakrishna_IPR.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2016.

  • Ramanathan, U. 1996. Displacement and the Law. Economic and Political Weekly, June 15, pp. 1486–1491.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Land Acquisition, Eminent Domain and the 2011 Bill. Economic and Political Weekly 46 (44–45): 10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanna, A. 2002. Policy Implications of India’s Patent Reforms: Patent Applications in the Post-1995 Era. Economic and Political Weekly 37 (21): 2065–2075.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. Shifts in India’s Policy on IP: The Role of Ideas, Coercion and Changing Interests. In Death of Patents, ed. P. Drahos, 150–174. London: Lawtext Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006a. India’s Policy on Genetically Modified Crops. Asia Research Centre, Working Paper 15. London: LSE.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006b. Farmers’ Rights in India: A Case Study. Background Study 4, The Farmers Rights Project. Lysaker, Norway: The Fridtjof Nansen Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randeria, S. 2003. Glocalization of Law. Current Sociology 52 (3/4): 305–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. The State of Globalization: Legal Plurality, Overlapping Sovereignties and Ambiguous Alliances between Civil Society and the Cunning State in India. Theory, Culture, Society 24 (1): 1–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangnekar, D. 2006. No Pills for Poor People? Economic and Political Weekly, 4 February: 409–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranjan, P. 2009. Recent Developments in India’s Plant Variety Protection, Seed Regulation and Linkages with UPOV’s Proposed Membership. The Journal of World Intellectual Property 12 (3): 219–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, C.M. 2004. Indian Seed System and Plant Variety Protection. Economic and Political Weekly 39 (8): 845–852.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, K.S., V. Patel, P. Jha, et al. 2011. Towards Achievement of Universal Health Care in India by 2020: A Call to Action. Lancet 377: 760–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redwood, H. 1994. New Horizons in India: The Consequences of Pharmaceutical Patent Protection. Felixstowe: Oldwicks Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichman, J.H. 1998. ‘Securing Compliance with the TRIPs Agreement after US vs. India. Journal of International Economic Law 1 (4): 585–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D., and A. Subramanian. 2004. From ‘Hindu Growth’ to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition. NBER Working Paper 10376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, L., and S. Rudolph. 1987. In Pursuit of Lakshmi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahai, S. 2004. India Needs a Biotechnology Policy. Frontline 21 (10). Available at http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2110/stories/20040521001708200.htm. Accessed 5 July 2016.

  • Sammut, S., and D. Levine. 2014. Accelerating Growth: Forging India’s Bioeconomy. https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/files/Burrill_AcceleratingGrowth_India-6-9-final.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2017.

  • Schuler, P. 2004. Biopiracy and Commercialization of Ethnobotanical Knowledge. In Poor People’s Knowledge, ed. J.M. Finger and P. Schuler, 156–182. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoones, I. 2002. Biotech Science, Biotech Business: Current Challenges and Future Prospects. Economic and Political Weekly 37 (27): 2725–2733.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. Contentious Politics, Contentious Knowledges: Mobilising against GM Crops in India, South Africa and Brazil. Institute of Development Studies, Working Paper 256, Brighton UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, L. 2011. Access to Knowledge: From Development to Human Rights. In Access to Knowledge in India: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development, ed. L. Shaver and R. Subramanian, 1–13. London: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridevan, P., P.M. Singh, N. Sabharwal, et al. 2014. Draft National IPR Policy. Department of Industry Policy and Promotion. Available at http://dipp.nic.in/English/Schemes/Intellectual_Property_Rights/IPR_Policy_24December2014.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2016.

  • Suchitra, M. 2012. India Has Approved Ratification of Nagoya Protocol. Down To Earth, October 9. Available at http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/india-has-approved-ratification-of-nagoya-protocol--39280. Accessed 25 January 2017.

  • Vielle, P. 1988. The State of the Periphery and Its Heritage. Economy and Society 17 (1): 52–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visvanathan, S., and C. Parmar. 2002. A Biotechnology Story: Notes from India. Economic and Political Weekly 37 (27): 2714–2724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldmeier, P. 2015. China Looks to Traditional Medicine as Tonic to Boost Growth. Financial Times, November 12. Available at https://www.ft.com/content/5b1969f0-7bce-11e5-a1fe-567b37f80b64. Accessed 2 April 2017.

  • Wilson, P., and A. Rao. 2012. India’s Role in Global Health R&D’ Centre for Global Health R&D Policy Assessment (Washington, DC, USA). Available at http://healthresearchpolicy.org/sites/healthresearchpolicy.org/files/assessments/files/R4D%20-%20Indias%20Role%20in%20Global%20Health%20RD%20Final.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2016.

  • Wong, A.Y., and A.W. Chan. 2016. Genetically Modified Foods in China and the United States: A Primer of Regulation and Intellectual Property Protection. Food Science and Human Wellness 5 (3): 124–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of European & International Studies, King’s College London, London, UK

    Valbona Muzaka

Authors
  1. Valbona Muzaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Muzaka, V. (2018). Intellectual Property for Pharmaceuticals and Agro-Biotech in India. In: Food, Health and the Knowledge Economy. Building a Sustainable Political Economy: SPERI Research & Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59306-1_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation