Abstract
Online memorialising enables continuing bonds with the deceased, the preservation of memories and identities, and opportunities for shared mourning. Using the notion of ‘grief rules’ (social norms about who is entitled to grieve and how grief should be expressed), this chapter examines whether technologically mediated memorialising facilitates ‘healthy grieving’ or provokes ‘complicated grieving’. The chapter examines how online memorialisation changes ‘grief rules’ by making mourning public and visible beyond immediate family and friends, by challenging ideas about what is sacred or profane and by providing opportunities for us to prepare digital legacies beyond physical death. Focusing on subjective experiences of grieving, loss and mourning, this chapter explores both opportunities to receive support in the mourning process and obligations to mourn and memorialise in specific ways.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/troll Accessed November 18, 2017.
- 2.
https://digitalremains.co.uk/ Accessed October 26, 2017.
- 3.
https://www.lifenaut.com/learn-more/ Accessed October 26, 2017.
- 4.
http://eterni.me/ Accessed October 26, 2017.
- 5.
https://www.gonenotgone.com/ Accessed October 26, 2017.
References
Andersson, Y. (2017). Blogs and the art of dying: Blogging with, and about, severe cancer in late modern Swedish society. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying (just accepted). https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817719806.
Bailey, L., Bell, J., & Kennedy, D. (2015). Continuing social presence of the dead: Exploring suicide bereavement through online memorialisation. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 21(1–2), 72–86.
Bassett, D. J. (2015). Who wants to live forever? Living, dying and grieving in our digital society. Social Sciences, 4(4), 1127–1139.
Bautista, J. R., & Lin, T. T. (2015). Tweeting social support messages after a non-celebrity’s death: The case of the Philippines’ #Fallen44. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(11), 641–646.
Bell, J., Bailey, L., & Kennedy, D. (2015). ‘We do it to keep him alive’: Bereaved individuals’ experiences of online suicide memorials and continuing bonds. Mortality, 20(4), 375–389.
Boyd, D. (2007). Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. MacArthur foundation series on digital learning–Youth, identity, and digital media volume (pp. 119–142). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Brubaker, J. R., Dombrowski, L. S., Gilbert, A. M., Kusumakaulika, N., & Hayes, G. R. (2014, April). Stewarding a legacy: Responsibilities and relationships in the management of post-mortem data. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4157–4166). New York: ACM.
Carroll, B., & Landry, K. (2010). Logging on and letting out: Using online social networks to grieve and to mourn. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(5), 341–349.
Christensen, D. R., Sandvik, K., Kasperowski, D., & af Segerstad, Y. H. (2017). Bereaved parents’ online grief communities: De-tabooing practices or grief-ghettos? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 61(1), 58–72.
Clark, S., Burgess, T., Laven, G., Bull, M., Marker, J., & Browne, E. (2004). Developing and evaluating the Grieflink web site: Processes, protocols, dilemmas and lessons learned. Death Studies, 28(10), 955–970.
Davidson, D., & Letherby, G. (2014). Griefwork online: Perinatal loss, lifecourse disruption and online support. Human Fertility, 17(3), 214–217.
De Vries, B., & Rutherford, J. (2004). Memorializing loved ones on the World Wide Web. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 49(1), 5–26.
DeGroot, J. M. (2012). Maintaining relational continuity with the deceased on Facebook. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 65(3), 195–212.
DeGroot, J. M. (2014). “For whom the bell tolls”: Emotional rubbernecking in Facebook memorial groups. Death Studies, 38(2), 79–84.
Doka, K. J. (1999). Disenfranchised grief. Bereavement Care, 18(3), 37–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/02682629908657467.
Egnoto, M. J., Sirianni, J. M., Ortega, C. R., & Stefanone, M. (2014). Death on the digital landscape: A preliminary investigation into the grief process and motivations behind participation in the online memoriam. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 69(3), 283–304.
Feifer, J. (2013). Selfies at funerals. Retrieved from http://selfiesatfunerals.tumblr.com.
Feigelman, W., Gorman, B. S., Beal, K. C., & Jordan, J. R. (2008). Internet support groups for suicide survivors: A new mode for gaining bereavement assistance. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 57(3), 217–243.
Gibbs, M., Mori, J., Arnold, M., & Kohn, T. (2012). Tombstones, uncanny monuments and epic quests: Memorials in World of Warcraft. Game Studies, 12(1), 13–22. http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/gibbs_martin.
Gibbs, M., Nansen, B., Carter, M., & Kohn, T. (2014). Selfies at funerals: Remediating rituals of mourning. Paper presented at Internet Research 15: The 15th Annual Meeting of the Association of Internet Researchers. Daegu, Korea: AoIR. Retrieved from http://spir.aoir.org. Accessed 14th December 2017.
Gibbs, M., Meese, J., Arnold, M., Nansen, B., & Carter, M. (2015). # Funeral and instagram: Death, social media, and platform vernacular. Information, Communication and Society, 18(3), 255–268.
Hård af Segerstad, Y., & Kasperowski, D. (2015). A community for grieving: Affordances of social media for support of bereaved parents. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 21(1–2), 25–41.
Harju, A. (2015). Socially shared mourning: Construction and consumption of collective memory. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 21(1–2), 123–145.
Hensley, L. D. (2012). Bereavement in online communities: Sources of and support for disenfranchised grief. Dying, death, and grief in an online universe: For counselors and educators (pp. 119–134). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company LLC.
Horton, H. (2016, March 7). Dead could outnumber the living on Facebook by 2098. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/03/07/dead-could-outnumber-the-living-on-facebook-by-2098/. Accessed November 14, 2017.
Irwin, M. D. (2015). Mourning 2.0—Continuing bonds between the living and the dead on Facebook. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 72(2), 119–150.
Karamshuk, D., Shaw, F., Brownlie, J., & Sastry, N. (2017). Bridging big data and qualitative methods in the social sciences: A case study of Twitter responses to high profile deaths by suicide. Online Social Networks and Media, 1, 33–43.
Kasket, E. (2012). Continuing bonds in the age of social networking: Facebook as a modern-day medium. Bereavement Care, 31(2), 62–69.
Keim-Malpass, J., Adelstein, K., & Kavalieratos, D. (2015). Legacy making through illness blogs: Online spaces for young adults approaching the end-of-life. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, 4(4), 209–212.
Kern, R. L., & Gil-Egui, G. (2017). Women behaving badly: Negative posts on Facebook memorial pages. Information, Communication and Society, 20(11), 1756–1770.
Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (Eds.). (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Krysinska, K., & Andriessen, K. (2015). Online memorialization and grief after suicide: An analysis of suicide memorials on the Internet. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 71(1), 19–47.
Kϋbler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York, NY: Touchstone.
Marwick, A., & Ellison, N. B. (2012). “There isn’t Wifi in Heaven!” Negotiating visibility on Facebook memorial pages. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 56(3), 378–400.
Matthews, L., & Marwit, S. (2004). Complicated grief and the trend toward cognitive-behavioral therapy. Death Studies, 28(9), 849–863.
Meese, J., Gibbs, M., Carter, M., Arnold, M., Nansen, B., & Kohn, T. (2015). Selfies| Selfies at funerals: Mourning and presencing on social media platforms. International Journal of Communication, 9, 14.
Pennington, N. (2013). You don’t de-friend the dead: An analysis of grief communication by college students through Facebook profiles. Death Studies, 37(7), 617–635.
Perluxo, D., & Francisco, R. (2018). The use of Facebook in the maternal grief process: An exploratory qualitative study. Death Studies, 42(2), 79–88.
Phillips, W. (2011). LOLing at tragedy: Facebook trolls, memorial pages and resistance to grief online. First Monday, 16(12).
Roberts, P. (2004). The living and the dead: Community in the virtual cemetery. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 49(1), 57–76.
Roberts, P., & Vidal, L. A. (2000). Perpetual care in cyberspace: A portrait of memorials on the Web. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 40, 159–171.
Rossetto, K. R., Lannutti, P. J., & Strauman, E. C. (2015). Death on Facebook: Examining the roles of social media communication for the bereaved. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32(7), 974–994.
Sabra, J. B. (2017). “I hate when they do that!” Netiquette in mourning and memorialization among Danish Facebook users. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 61(1), 24–40.
Sanderson, J., & Hope Cheong, P. (2010). Tweeting prayers and communicating grief over Michael Jackson online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(5), 328–340.
Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Havinga, P., van Ballegooijen, W., Delfosse, L., Mokkenstorm, J., & Boon, B. (2014). What do the bereaved by suicide communicate in online support groups? Crisis, 35(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000225.
Sofka, C. J. (2012). Blogging: New age narratives of dying, death and grief. In C. J. Sofka, I. N. Cupit, & K. R. Gilbert (Eds.), Thanatechnology as a conduit for living, dying, and grieving in contemporary society. Dying, Death, and Grief in an Online Universe: For Counselors and Educators, 1, 61–77.
Stroebe, W., Schut, H., & Stroebe, M. S. (2005). Grief work, disclosure and counseling: Do they help the bereaved? Clinical Psychology Review, 25(4), 395–414.
Swartwood, R. M., Veach, P. M., Kuhne, J., Lee, H. K., & Ji, K. (2011). Surviving grief: An analysis of the exchange of hope in online grief communities. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 63(2), 161–181.
Varga, M. A., & Paulus, T. M. (2014). Grieving online: Newcomers’ constructions of grief in an online support group. Death Studies, 38(7), 443–449.
Walter, T. (2015). New mourners, old mourners: Online memorial culture as a chapter in the history of mourning. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 21(1–2), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614568.2014.983555.
Williams, A. L., & Merten, M. J. (2009). Adolescents’ online social networking following the death of a peer. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(1), 67–90.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Harley, D., Morgan, J., Frith, H. (2018). Dying. In: Cyberpsychology as Everyday Digital Experience across the Lifespan. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59200-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59200-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-59199-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-59200-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)