Abstract
This chapter discusses the cultural dimension power distance and how it relates to business and face. Power distance is described as a receiver perceptions that is part of the cultural imprint that affects responses to others and is correlated with collectivism. The association between power distance and unjust world beliefs, power, hierarchy, maintaining the status quo, direct communication (those who are powerful), indirect communication, consultation expectations, harmony, cooperation, passivity, innovation, motivation, and paternalism is explained in this chapter. Other topics relating to business such as leadership, superior-subordinate relationships, teams, participation, and petty tyranny are deliberated on as well.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akhtar, S., & Shaukat, K. (2016). Impact of petty tyranny on alienation from work: Role of self-esteem and power-distance. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 1–11.
Almeida, P., & Kogut, B. (1999). Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management Science, 45(7), 905–917.
Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism. In U. Kim, K. S. Yang, & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology (pp. 445–466). New York: Springer.
Bacouël-Jentjens, S., & Christiansen, L. C. (2016). 2. Diversity management in Denmark and France: A comparative approach. In Research handbook of international and comparative perspectives on diversity management (p. 45).
Baer, M., & Brown, G. (2012). Blind in one eye: How psychological ownership of ideas affects the types of suggestions people adopt. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118(1), 60–71.
Basabe, N., & Ros, M. (2005). Cultural dimensions and social behavior correlates: Individualism-collectivism and power distance. International Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 189–225.
Bernheim, B. D., & Rangel, A. (2009). Beyond revealed preference: Choice-theoretic foundations for behavioral welfare economics. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(1), 51–104.
Bhagat, R. S., & Steers, R. M. (Eds.). (2009). Cambridge handbook of culture, organizations, and work. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Blau, R. (2016). A nation of individuals. The Economist, 420(8997), 3–16.
Boswell, W. (2006). Aligning employees with the organization’s strategic objectives: Out of ‘line of sight’, out of mind. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(9), 1489–1511.
Botero, I. C., & Van Dyne, L. (2009). Employee voice behavior interactive effects of LMX and power distance in the United States and Colombia. Management Communication Quarterly, 23(1), 84–104.
Brockner, J., Ackerman, G., Greenberg, J., Gelfand, M. J., Francesco, A. M., Chen, Z. X., et al. (2001). Culture and procedural justice: The influence of power distance on reactions to voice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(4), 300–315.
Carl, D., Gupta, V., & Javidan, M. (2004). Power distance. In R. J. House & P. J. Hanges (Eds.), Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies (pp. 513–563). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chang, L. C. (2003). An examination of cross-cultural negotiation: Using Hofstede framework. Journal of American Academy of Business, 2(2), 567–570.
Choi, B., & Lee, H. (2002). Knowledge management strategy and its link to knowledge creation process. Expert Systems with Applications, 23(3), 173–187.
Cocroft, B. K., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1994). Facework in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18, 469–506.
Cortina, L. M., & Wasti, S. (2005). Profiles in coping: Responses to sexual harassment across persons, organizations, and cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 182–192.
Couto, P. J., & Vieira, C. J. (2004). National culture and research and development activities. Multinational Business Review, 12(1), 19–36.
Daniels, M. A. (2015). Shame as an alternate mechanism for the abusive supervision-performance relation and the role of power distance values. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A, 77.
Daniels, M. A., & Greguras, G. J. (2014). Exploring the nature of power distance implications for micro-and macro-level theories, processes, and outcomes. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1202.
Dedahanov, A. T., Lee, D., Rhee, J., & Yusupov, S. (2016). An examination of the associations among cultural dimensions, relational silence and stress. Personnel Review, 45(3), 593–604.
Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50, 869–888.
De Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., & Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership = communication? The relations of leaders’ communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 367–380.
Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited. Advances in International Comparative Management, 3(1), 127–150.
Dworkin, G. (2015). Defining paternalism. In T. Schramme (Ed.). New perspectives on paternalism and health care (pp. 17–29). Dordrecht: Springer International Publishing.
Earley, P. C. (1997). Face, harmony, and social structure: An analysis of organizational behavior across cultures. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Earley, P. C., & Stubblebine, P. (1989). Intercultural assessment of performance feedback. Group and Organization Studies, 14, 161–181.
Fair, E. M., & Silvestri, L. (1992). Effects of rewards, competition and outcome on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 19(1), 3.
Fairhurst, G. T., Green, S. G., & Snavely, B. K. (1984). Managerial control and discipline: Whips and chains. Annals of the International Communication Association, 8(1), 558–593.
Ferraro, G. P., & Briody, E. K. (2017). The cultural dimension of global business. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Froese, F. J., & Peltokorpi, V. (2011). Cultural distance and expatriate job satisfaction. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(1), 49–60.
Furnham, A. (1993). Just world beliefs in twelve societies. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133(3), 317–329.
Furnham, A. (2003). Belief in a just world: Research progress over the past decade. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(5), 795–817.
Garnier, E., Navas, M. L., & Grigulis, K. (2016). Plant functional diversity: Organism traits, community structure, and ecosystem properties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Geletkanycz, M. A. (1997). The salience of ‘culture’s consequences’: The effects of cultural values on top executive commitment to the status quo. Strategic Management Journal, 18(8), 615–634.
Gladwell, M. (2008a). Outliers. New York: Little Brown and Company.
Gladwell, M. (2008b). Outliers: The story of success. New York: Little, Brown.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual. New York: Doubleday.
Gouveia, V. V., & Ros, M. (2000). Hofstede and Schwartz’s models for classifying individualism at the cultural level: Their relation to macro-social and macro-economic variables1. Psicothema, 12, 25–33.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). Culture and affective communication. American Behavioral Scientist, 31, 384–400.
Gunkel, M., Schlaegel, C., & Taras, V. (2016). Cultural values, emotional intelligence, and conflict handling styles: A global study. Journal of World Business, 51(4), 568–585.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign.
Halsey, A. (2013, July 8). Lack of cockpit communication recalls 1999 Korean Airlines crash near London. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/lack-of-cockpit-communication-recalls-1999-korean-airlines-crash-near-london/2013/07/08/0e61b3ca-e7f5-11e2-a301-ea5a8116d211_story.html.
Harrison, G. L., McKinnon, J. L., Wu, A., & Chow, C. W. (2000). Cultural influences on adaptation to fluid workgroups and teams. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(3), 489–505.
Herbig, P., & Jacobs, L. (1998). Culture as an explanatory variable for the Japanese innovative processes. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 5(3), 5–30.
Hickey, L., & Stewart, M. (2005). Politeness in Europe. Great Britain: Cromwell Press.
Hickson, D. J., & Pugh, D. S. (1995). Management worldwide: The impact of societal culture on organizations around the globe. London: Penguin.
Ho, D. Y. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Psychology, 81, 867–884.
Ho, S. S., Chen, V. H., & Sim, C. C. (2013). The spiral of silence: Examining how cultural predispositions, news attention, and opinion congruency relate to opinion expression. Asian Journal of Communication, 23(2), 113–134. doi:10.1080/01292986.2012.725178.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed., pp. 79–123). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5–21.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G., & Minkov, J. M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hon, A. Y., Lu, L., & Chan, W. H. (2015). Does cultural value exacerbate or mitigate the effect of perceived compensation gap between locals and expatriates in hotel industry? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 48 , 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.12.006
Hon, A. H., & Lu, L. (2016). When will the trickle-down effect of abusive supervision be alleviated? The moderating roles of power distance and traditional cultures. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 57(4), 421–433.
Hon, A. H., Yang, J., & Lu, L. (2011). A cross-level study of procedural justice perceptions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26(8), 700–715.
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
Humborstad, S. W., Humborstad, B., Whitfield, R., & Perry, C. (2008). Implementation of empowerment in Chinese high power-distance organizations. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(7), 1349–1364. doi:10.1080/09585190802110224.
Hutchby, I. (2008). Participants’ orientations to interruptions, rudeness and other impolite acts in talk-in-interaction. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behavior, Culture, 4(2), 221–241.
Hwang, A. S. (2003). Training strategies in the management of knowledge. Journal of knowledge management, 7(3), 92–104.
Hwang, A., & Francesco, A. M. (2010). The influence of individualism–collectivism and power distance on use of feedback channels and consequences for learning. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 9(2), 243–257.
Ino, S. M., & Glicken, M. D. (2002). Understanding and treating the ethnically Asian client: A collectivist approach. Journal of Health and Social Policy, 14(4), 37.
Jain, A. K. (2015). An interpersonal perspective to study silence in Indian organizations. Personnel Review, 44(6), 1010–1036. doi:10.1108/PR-12-2013-0220.
Javidan, M., De Luque, M. S., House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W., Hanges, P. J., & Javidan, M. (2006a). Conceptualizing and measuring cultures and their consequences: A comparative review of GLOBE’s and Hofstede’s approaches. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 897–914.
Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., De Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006b). In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 67–90.
Javidan, M., & House, R. J. (2001). Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from project GLOBE. Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), 289–305.
Jaw, B. S., Ling, Y. H., Yu-Ping Wang, C., & Chang, W. C. (2007). The impact of culture on Chinese employees’ work values. Personnel Review, 36(1), 128–144.
Jiang, Y., Colakoglu, S., Lepak, D. P., Blasi, J. R., & Kruse, D. L. (2015). Involvement work systems and operational effectiveness: Exploring the moderating effect of national power distance. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(3), 332–354.
Kant, L., Skogstad, A., Torsheim, T., & Einarsen, S. (2013). Beware the angry leader: Trait anger and trait anxiety as predictors of petty tyranny. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 106–124.
Keil, M., Im, G. P., & Mähring, M. (2007). Reporting bad news on software projects: The effects of culturally constituted views of face-saving. Information Systems Journal, 17(1), 59–87. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00235.x.
Kim, T. Y., & Leung, K. (2007). Forming and reacting to overall fairness: A cross-cultural comparison. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104(1), 83–95.
Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., Farh, J. L., Chen, Z. X., & Lowe, K. B. (2009). Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders: A cross-level, cross-cultural examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 744–764.
Koc, E. (2013). Power distance and its implications for upward communication and empowerment: Crisis management and recovery in hospitality services. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(19), 3681–3696.
Lee, F. (1993). Being polite and keeping MUM: How bad news is communicated in organizational hierarchies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(14), 1124–1149.
Leung, K. (2001). Different carrots for different rabbits: Effects of individualism–collectivism and power distance on work motivation. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck, H. Thierry, M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy (pp. 329–339). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Li, S. T. K. (1999). Management development in international companies in China. Education and Training, 41(6/7), 331–335.
Li, J., & Harrison, J. R. (2008). National culture and the composition and leadership structure of boards of directors. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 16(5), 375–385. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2008.00697.x.
Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., & Brown, D. J. (2012). Does power distance exacerbate or mitigate the effects of abusive supervision? It depends on the outcome. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 107.
Lin, W., Wang, L., & Chen, S. (2013). Abusive supervision and employee well-being: The moderating effect of power distance orientation. Applied Psychology, 62(2), 308–329.
Liu, L. A., Friedman, R., Barry, B., Gelfand, M. J., & Zhang, Z. X. (2012). The dynamics of consensus building in intracultural and intercultural negotiations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(2), 269–304.
Liu, S., & Liao, J. (2013). Transformational leadership and speaking up: Power distance and structural distance as moderators. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(10), 1747–1756. doi:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.10.1747.
Loi, R., Lam, L. W., & Chan, K. W. (2012). Coping with job insecurity: The role of procedural justice, ethical leadership and power distance orientation. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 361–372.
Lucas, L. M. (2006). The role of culture on knowledge transfer: the case of the multinational corporation. The Learning Organization, 13(3), 257–275.
Luthar, H. K., & Luthar, V. K. (2007). A Theoretical framework explaining cross-cultural sexual harassment: Integrating Hofstede and Schwartz. Journal of Labor Research, 28(1), 169–188.
Mak, W. W. S., Chen, S. X., Lam, A. G., & Yiu, V. F. L. (2009). Understanding distress: The role of face concern among Chinese Americans, European Americans, Hong Kong Chinese, and Mainland Chinese. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(2), 219–248.
Mangi, N. (2011). Convoys and Patdowns: A Day at the Office in Pakistan. Bloomberg Businessweek, (4239), 11–13.
Marcoulides, G. A., Yavas, B. F., Bilgin, Z., & Gibson, C. B. (1998). Reconciling culturalist and rationalist approaches: Leadership in the United States and Turkey. Thunderbird International Business Review, 40(6), 563–583.
Matsumoto, Y. (1988). Reexamination of the universality of face: Politeness phenomena in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics, 12, 403–426.
McGuire, C., Kristman, V. L., Shaw, W., Williams-Whitt, K., Reguly, P., & Soklaridis, S. (2015). Supervisor autonomy and considerate leadership style are associated with supervisors’ likelihood to accommodate back injured workers. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 25(3), 589–598.
Merkin, R. S. (2000). A cross-cultural examination of facework communication: An application of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions.
Merkin, R. S. (2006). Power distance and facework strategies. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 35(2), 139–160.
Merkin, R. S. (2008). The impact of sexual harassment on turnover intentions, absenteeism, and job satisfaction: Findings from Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 10(2), 73.
Merkin, R. S. (2009). South American perspectives on sexual harassment: The standpoint in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 10(3), 357–376.
Merkin, R. S., & Ramadan, R. (2010). Facework in Syria and the United States: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(6), 661–669. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.05.006.
Merkin, R. S., & Shah, M. K. (2014). The impact of sexual harassment on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and absenteeism: Findings from Pakistan compared to the United States. SpringerPlus, 3, 215–227. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-215.
Merkin, R., Taras, V., & Steel, P. (2014). State of the art themes in cross-cultural communication research: A systematic and meta-analytic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 1–23.
Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453–1476. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00387.
Miron-Spektor, E., Paletz, S., & Lin, C. C. (2014, January). Abide, push back or challenge? Face loss and creativity in face, dignity and honor cultures. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 12720). Academy of Management.
Mitchell, R. K., Smith, B., Seawright, K. W., & Morse, E. A. (2000). Cross-cultural cognitions and the venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 974–993.
Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., & Moran, S. V. (2014). Managing cultural differences. London: Routledge.
Morisaki, S., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1994). Face in Japan and the United States. In S. Ting-Toomey (Ed.), The challenge of facework (pp. 47–94). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Morley, L., Sorhaindo, A., & Burke, P. J. (2005). Researching women: An annotated bibliography on gender equity in commonwealth higher education. London: Institute of Education-London.
Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 373–412.
Mudambi, R., Mudambi, S. M., & Navarra, P. (2007). Global innovation in MNCs: The effects of subsidiary self-determination and teamwork. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24(5), 442–455.
Mulki, J. P., Caemmerer, B., & Heggde, G. S. (2015). Leadership style, salesperson’s work effort and job performance: The influence of power distance. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 35(1), 3–22. doi:10.1080/08853134.2014.958157.
Noureen, G., & Awan, R. (2011). Women’s education in Pakistan: Hidden fences on open Frontiers. Asian Social Science, 7(2), 79–87.
Oetzel, J., Ting-Toomey, S., Masumoto, T., Yokochi, Y., Pan, X., Takai, J., & Wilcox, R. (2001). Face and facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. Communication Monographs, 68(3), 235–258.
Peltokorpi, V., & Clausen, L. (2011). Linguistic and cultural barriers to intercultural communication in foreign subsidiaries. Asian Business and Management, 31, 923–1292. doi:10.1057/abm.2011.20.
Pongpearchan, P. (2016). Effect of transformational leadership and high performance work system on job motivation and task performance: Empirical evidence from business schools of Thailand universities. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 10(3), 93–105.
Rau, P. L. P., Liu, J., Juzek, C., & Nowacki, C. R. (2013). Fostering job satisfaction and motivation through power distance: A study of German expatriates’ leadership in China. Global Business and Management Research, 5(4), 161.
Reingold, J. (2008, November 19). Secrets of their success: What separates the legendary CEO from the chronically dissatisfied cubicle dweller? Fortune Magazine. Retrieved from: http://archive.fortune.com/2008/11/11/news/companies/secretsofsuccess_gladwell.fortune/index.htm.
Ricks, D. A. (2006). Blunders in international business. Malden, MA: Wiley.
Rinne, T., Steel, G. D., & Fairweather, J. (2012). Hofstede and Shane revisited the role of power distance and individualism in national-level innovation success. Cross-Cultural Research, 46(2), 91–108.
Robert, C., Probst, T. M., Martocchio, J. J., Drasgow, F., & Lawler, J. J. (2000). Empowerment and continuous improvement in the United States, Mexico, Poland, and India: Predicting fit on the basis of the dimensions of power distance and individualism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 643–658.
Sagie, A., Mainiero, L. A., & Koslowsky, M. (2000). Participation and empowerment in organizations: Modeling, effectiveness, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2009). Intercultural communication: A reader. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
Savage, M. (2007). The effects of self-construal and perceptions of power distance on communication apprehension and argumentativeness. In Annual meeting of the national communication association, Chicago, IL.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology, 48(1), 23–47.
Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. W. (1994). Face parameters in East-West discourse. In S. Ting-Toomey (Ed.), The challenge of facework (pp. 133–158). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Shane, S. A. (1992). Why do some societies invent more than others? Journal of Business Venturing, 7(1), 29–46.
Shane, S. (1993). Cultural influences on national rates of innovation. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 59–73.
Shao, R., Rupp, D. E., Skarlicki, D. P., & Jones, K. S. (2013). Employee justice across cultures: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 39, 263–301.
Sharma, B. (2003). Hofstede’s measures of national culture and social progress. Psychological Reports, 92(3), 1199–1202.
Silverthorne, C. P. (2005). Organizational psychology in cross cultural perspective. New York: NYU Press.
Sinha, J. B. P. (1980). The nurturant task leader. New Delhi: Concept.
Sinha, D. (1988). Basic Indian values and behavior dispositions in the context of national development: An appraisal. In D. Sinha & H. S. R. Kao (Eds.). Social values and development: Asian perspectives (pp. 31–55).
Stohl, C. (1993). European manager’s interpretations of participation: A semantic network analysis. Human Communication Research, 20, 97–117.
Strelan, P. (2007). The prosocial, adaptive qualities of just world beliefs: Implications for the relationship between justice and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 881–890.
Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). Examining the impact of culture’s consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 405.
Tata, J. (2000). Autonomous work teams: An examination of cultural and structural constraints. Work study, 49(5), 187–193.
Tepper, B. J., Carr, J. C., Breaux, D. M., Geider, S., Hu, C., & Hua, W. (2009). Abusive supervision, intentions to quit, and employees’ workplace deviance: A power/dependence analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 156–167.
Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33(3), 261–289.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). Intercultural conflict styles. In Y. Y. Kim & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 213–235). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Ting-Toomey, S. (2005). The matrix of face: An updated face-negotiation theory. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 71–92). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. (1998). Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 187–225.
Van Der Vegt, G. S., Van de Vliert, E., & Huang, X. (2005). Location-level links between diversity and innovative climate depend on national power distance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), 1171–1182.
Wang, K. Y., & Fang, Y. (2009). Face values on trust in loyalty and empowerment: A study of managers in China’s public sector. Paper presented at the 23rd ANZAM conference, Melbourne, Australia, 1–17.
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2005). The psychology of culture shock. London: Routledge.
Wheeler, K. G. (2002). Cultural values in relation to equity sensitivity within and across cultures. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(7), 612–627. doi:10.1108/02683940210444067.
Xu, H., & Van de Vliert, E. (2004). A Multilevel Approach to Investigating Cross-National Differences in Negotiation Processes. International Negotiation, 9(3), 471–484. doi:10.1163/1571806053498724.
Yang, J., Mossholder, K. W., & Peng, T. K. (2007). Procedural justice climate and group power distance: An examination of cross-level interaction effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 681.
Yuan, F., & Woodman, R. W. (2010). Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and image outcome expectations. Academy of Management Journal, 53(2), 323–342.
Yuan, F., & Zhou, J. (2015). Effects of cultural power distance on group creativity and individual group member creativity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(7), 990–1007. doi:10.1002/job.2022.
Zhang, Q. (2005). Immediacy, humor, power distance, and classroom communication apprehension in Chinese college classrooms. Communication Quarterly, 53(1), 109–124.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Merkin, R.S. (2018). Power Distance, Receiver Facework, Innovation, and Superior-Subordinate Relationships. In: Saving Face in Business. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59174-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59174-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-59173-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-59174-6
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)