Skip to main content

The Context: What’s Not Changing

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Successful Global Leadership
  • 2707 Accesses

Abstract

Despite the upheavals that are impacting companies globally, some fundamental organizational and human behavior basics have endured over the years: all organizations are made up of the building blocks of structure, rewards, and processes; and certain human behaviors seem hard-wired (e.g., relying on emotion or instinct as the first screen, feeling more self-confident than reality justifies). Henson asserts that there are a small number of universal people management principles that good managers use: treating employees fairly and with respect, creating a positive and motivating environment, building self-confidence, setting high standards and expectations, and building collaboration and teamwork. However, the practices associated with implementing these principles invariably differ by culture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See http://www.statista.com/statistics/273744/number-of-full-time-google-employees/

  2. 2.

    Taylor wrote his book The Principles of Scientific Management based on his experiments in steel plants in Pennsylvania.

  3. 3.

    Microsoft announced a restructuring prior to Steve Ballmer’s retirement from the company. Google has restructured the company to create a new name called Alphabet.

  4. 4.

    Michael Hammer was one of the first management gurus to coin the term “re-engineering” and his personality and charisma went a long way to popularize this concept. He was constantly giving seminars and consulting to organizations and governments before he passed away prematurely.

  5. 5.

    “Thain’s Overhaul Said to Cost $1.2 Million, January 22, 2009 from the Deal Book of the New York Times: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/thains-office-overhaul-said-to-cost-12-million/?_r=0

  6. 6.

    Rachel EmmaSilverman, “At Zappos, Banishing the Bosses Brings Confusion,” Wall Street Journal, May 21, sec. Business. http://www.wsj.com/articles/at-zappos-banishing-the-bosses-brings-confusion-1432175402.

  7. 7.

    http://www.greatplacetowork.com/best-companies/100-best-companies-to-work-for

  8. 8.

    GLOBE is an acronym for Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness, a 62-nation study involving many researchers over a period of 11 years.

References

  • Ahuja, Anjana, and Mark Van Vugt. 2010. Selected: Why Some People Lead, Why Others Follow, and Why It Matters. London: Profile Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aycan, Zeynep, Birgit Schyns, Jian-Min Sun, Jorg Felfe, and Noreen Saher. 2013. Convergence and Divergence of Paternalistic Leadership: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Prototypes. Journal of International Business Studies 44(9): 962–969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castaño, Nathalie, M. Sully de Lugque, T. Wernsing, E. Ogliastri, R. Shemueli, R. Fuchs, and J. Robles-Flores. 2015. El Jefe: Differences in Expected Leadership Behaviors Across Latin American Countries. Journal of World Business 50(3): 584–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, Ivan D. 1980. Social Process and Hierarchy Formation in Small Groups: A Comparative Perspective. American Sociological Review 45(6): 905–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chevrier, Sylvie, and Michaël Viegas-Pires. 2013. Delegating Effectively Across Cultures. Journal of World Business 48(3): 431–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Covey, Stephen. 1989. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, Robert, Aiyesha Dey, and Abbie Smith. (2012). Executives’ “Off-the-Job” Behavior, Corporate Culture, and Financial Reporting Risk. Working Paper 18001. National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w18001.pdf

  • Deci, Edward. 1975. Intrinsic Motivation. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Denison, Daniel, Stephanie Haaland, and Paolo Goelzer. 2003. Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness: Is There a Similar Pattern Around the World? http://www.denisonconsulting.com/resource-library/corporate-culture-and-organizational-effectiveness-there-similar-pattern-around

  • Detert, James R., and Ethan R. Burris. 2007. Leadership Behavior and Employee Voice: Is the Door Really Open? Academy of Management Journal 50(4): 869–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, Marcus, Deanne Den Hartog, and Nathalie Castaño. 2009. Understanding Leadership Across Cultures. In Cambridge Handbook of Culture, Organization, and Work, eds. Rabi Bhagat and Richard Steers, 219–244. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Eden, Dov. 1992. Leadership and Expectations: Pygmalion Effects and Other Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Organizations. The Leadership Quarterly 3(4): 271–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erez, Miriam. 1994. Toward a Model of Cross-Cultural Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, vol 4, Second edn, eds. Harry Triandis, Marvin Dunnette, and Leaetta Hough 559–608. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists’ Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eylon, Dafna, and Kevin Au. 1999. Exploring Empowerment Cross-Cultural Differences Along the Power Distance Dimension. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 23(3): 373–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Araoz, Claudio. 2014. It’s Not the How or the What But the Who. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, Ronald, et al. 2014. Organizational Practices Across Cultures: An Exploration in Six Cultural Contexts. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 14(1): 101–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith, Jay. 1993. The Business Unit of the Future. In Organizing for the Future: The New Logic for Managing Complex Organizations, ed. Jay Galbraith. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1995. Designing Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Michael. 2002. Lean Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma Quality with Lean Production Speed. New York: McGraw Hill Professional.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gino, Francesca, and Gary P. Pisano. 2011. Why Leaders Don’t Learn from Success. Harvard Business Review 89(4): 68–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, Daniel. 2005. Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golman, R., and G. Loewenstein. 2014. Curiosity, Information Gaps, and the Utility of Knowledge. https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/golman/Curiosity, percent20Information percent20Gaps, percent20and percent20the percent20Utility percent20of percent20Knowledge percent20Golman_Loewenstein percent20April percent202015.pdf

  • Hackman, J. Richard, and Greg R. Oldham. 1976. Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 16(2): 250–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Edward. 2013. The Silent Language. Reissued. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handy, Charles. 1990. The Age of Unreason. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, Esther, Josep Call, María Victoria Hernàndez-Lloreda, Brian Hare, and Michael Tomasello. 2007. Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis. Science 317(5843): 1360–1366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Martin L. 1981. Is Altruism Part of Human Nature? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40(1): 121–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, Geert. 2001. Culture’s Consequences. New York: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hout, Thomas, and David Michael. 2014. A Chinese Approach to Management. Harvard Business Review 92(9): 103–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hui, C. Harry, Harry C. Triandis, and Candice Yee. 1991. Cultural Differences in Reward Allocation: Is Collectivism the Explanation? British Journal of Social Psychology 30(2): 145–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabasakal, Hayat, Ali Dastmalchian, Gaye Karacay, and Secil Bayraktar. 2012. Leadership and Culture in the MENA Region: An Analysis of the GLOBE Project. Journal of World Business 47(4): 519–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahnemann, Daniel. 2013. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farar, Straus, and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, Steven, and Steffen Landauer. 2004. Using Stretch Goals to Promote Organizational Effectiveness and Personal Growth: General Electric and Goldman Sachs. Academy of Management Executive 18(4): 134–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Ken I., Hun-Joon Park, and Nori Suzuki. 1990. Reward Allocations in the United States, Japan, and Korea: A Comparison of Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures. Academy of Management Journal 33(1): 188–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kouzes, Jim, and Barry Posner. 2007. The Leadership Challenge, Fourth edn. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurman, Jenny, Gregory Liem, Tal Ivancovsky, Hiroaki Morio, and Joo Lee. 2015. Regulatory Focus as an Explanatory Variable for Cross-Cultural Differences in Achievement-Related Behaviors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 46(2): 171–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, Paul, and Jay Lorsch. 1967. Organizations and Environment. Boston: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, Paul, and Nitin Nohria. 2002. Driven: How Human Nature Shapes Our Choices. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, Kwok, and Michael H. Bond. 1984. The Impact of Cultural Collectivism on Reward Allocation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47(4): 793–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, Edwin A., and Gary P. Latham. 2002. Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation: A 35-Year Odyssey. American Psychologist 57(9): 705–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loher, Brian T., Raymond A. Noe, Nancy L. Moeller, and Michael P. Fitzgerald. 1985. A Meta-Analysis of the Relation of Job Characteristics to Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology 70(2): 280–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonner, Walter J. 1980. The Search for Psychological Universals. In Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol 1, eds., H. C. Triandis and W. W. Lambert. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 143–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure, Sameul, David Laibson, George Lowenstein, and Jonathan Cohen. 2004. Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards. Science 306(5695): 503–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, Walter. 2014. The Marshmallow Effect. New York: Little Brown and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, Jason P., C. Neil Macrae, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2006. Dissociable Medial Prefrontal Contributions to Judgments of Similar and Dissimilar Others. Neuron 50(4): 655–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, Nigel. 1997. Evolutionary Psychology: Toward a New View of Human Nature and Organizational Society. Human Relations 50(9): 1053–1078.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998. How Hardwired Is Human Behavior? Harvard Business Review 76: 134–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldham, Greg R., J. Richard Hackman, and Jone L. Pearce. 1976. Conditions Under Which Employees Respond Positively to Enriched Work. Journal of Applied Psychology 61(4): 395–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oloko, Margaret, and Martin Ogutu. 2012. Influence of Power Distance on Employee Empowerment and MNC Performance: A Study of Multinational Corporations in Kenya. Education Research Journal 2(2): 47–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrow, Charles. 1970. Organizational Analysis: A Sociological View. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, Jeffrey. 1998. 7 Practices of Successful Organizations. California Management Review 40: 96–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Power: Why Some People Have It and Others Don’t. New York: HarperBusiness.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pink, Daniel H. 2011. Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, Stephanie D., and B.M. Frans De Waal. 2002. Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1): 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pretzer, William S., George E. Rogers, and Jeffery Bush. 2007. A Model Technology Educator: Thomas A. Edison: Recognizing Edison’s Incorporation of Team-Based, Cooperative Learning into His Development Process Is Essential to Appreciating His Success and His Influence Today. The Technology Teacher 67(1): 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, Robert, and Lenore Jacobson. 1968. Pygmalion in the Classroom. The Urban Review 3(1): 16–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, Robert, and Donald B. Rubin. 1978. Interpersonal Expectancy Effects: The First 345 Studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1(3): 377–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, Denise M., and Snehal A. Tijoriwala. 1998. Assessing Psychological Contracts: Issues, Alternatives and Measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior 19(1): 679–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schminke, Marshall, Maureen L. Ambrose, and Russell S. Cropanzano. 2000. The Effect of Organizational Structure on Perceptions of Procedural Fairness. Journal of Applied Psychology 85(2): 294–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius, Jim, and Felicia Pratto. 2001. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Adam. 2006. Cognitive Empathy and Emotional Empathy in Human Behavior and Evolution. The Psychological Record 56(1): 3–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solansky, Stephanie T. 2008. Leadership Style and Team Processes in Self-Managed Teams. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 14(4): 332–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, C.B., and P. Andrews. 1988. Genetic and Fossil Evidence for the Origin of Modern Humans. Science 239(4845): 1263–1268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, Dave, Steve Kerr, and Ron Ashkenas. 2002. The GE Work-Out : How to Implement GE’s Revolutionary Method for Busting Bureaucracy & Attacking Organizational Problems, First edn. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, Max. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. (Translated by A. M. Hderson and T. Parsons). New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, Janine, and Alexander Todorov. 2006. First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face. Psychological Science 17(7): 592–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zweig, David. 2014. Managing the Invisibles. Harvard Business Review. 92(5): 96–103.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Henson, R. (2016). The Context: What’s Not Changing. In: Successful Global Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58990-3_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics