Skip to main content

Introduction: Unscrambling the Arctic

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

While “scramble” is a useful term to describe the ravaging effects of contemporary neoliberal, political, and economic agendas on a rapidly changing Arctic, it is also reductive, overlooking the fact that the Arctic region—one of the most geographically and culturally diverse on the planet––is the uneven product of multiple, often highly disparate, colonial pasts. This chapter situates the contemporary European Arctic in the context of various scrambles for resources across the circumpolar High North and their reworking of colonial relations. However, it also argues the need for an “unscrambling” of the region and an appropriately critical re-reading of the discourses of alarmism and opportunism that underlie popular, often media-driven configurations of the “New North.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen, Chadwick. 2002. Blood Narrative: Indigenous Identity in American Indian and Maori Literary and Activist Texts. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Altbach, Philip. 1995. Education and Neocolonialism. In The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, ed. W. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths, and H. Tiffin, 452-456. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Alun. 2009. After the Ice: Life, Death and Politics in the New Arctic. London: Virgin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, Subhankar (ed.). 2012. Arctic Voices: Resistance at the Tipping Point. New York: Seven Stories Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgerson, Scott G. 2008. Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming. Foreign Affairs 87 (2): 63–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bravo, Michael. 2014. Reflections on the Postcolonial Arctic. Keynote address at the “Postcolonial Arctic” conference, Leeds, May 30/31. Since published in Graham Huggan and Roger Norum (eds) The Postcolonial Arctic, special issue of Moving Worlds 15 (2) (2015): 93–110. Cited in advance with the author’s permission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bravo, Michael, and Gareth Rees. 2006. Cryo-politics: Environmental Security and the Future of Arctic Navigation. Brown Journal of World Affairs 13(1): 205–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, Hugh. 1976. Colonialism in the Arctic: Four Reminiscences. History Workshop Journal 1(1): 443–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, Iain. 2008. Mediterranean Crossings: The Politics of Interrupted Modernity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craciun, Adriana. 2009. The Scramble for the Arctic. Interventions 11(1): 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodds, Klaus. 2010. A Polar Mediterranean? Accessibility, Resources and Sovereignty in the Arctic Ocean. Global Policy 1(3): 303–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodds, Klaus, and Mark Nuttall. 2016. The Scramble for the Poles. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberger, Í. 2009. Somewhere between ‘Self’ and ‘Other’: Colonialism in Icelandic Historical Research. In Nordic Perspectives on Encountering Foreignness, ed. A.F. Henningen, l. Koivunen, and J. Syrjämaa, 99–114. Turku: University of Turku Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillette, Aaron. 2002. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, Derek. 2004. The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gremaud, Ann-Sofie. 2013. Iceland-Denmark—A Crypto-Colonial Relation? http://annsofiegremaud.wordpress.com/2013/02/21/iceland-denmark-a-crypto-colonial-relation, accessed 5 September 2014.

  • Hall, Stuart. 1996. When Was ‘The Post-Colonial’? Thinking at the Limit. In The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons, ed. I. Chambers and L. Curti, 242–260. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, William V. 2005. Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, David. 2003. The New Imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hechter, M. 1975. Internal Colonialism. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heininen, Lassi, and Chris Southcott (eds.). 2010. Globalization and the Circumpolar North. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzfeld, Michael. 2002. The Absent Presence: Discourse of Crypto-Colonialism. South Atlantic Quarterly 4: 899–926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, Roger. 2009. The Arctic Gold Rush: The New Race for Tomorrow’s Resources. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggan, Graham. 2015. Notes on the Postcolonial Arctic. In The Future of Postcolonial Studies, ed. Chantal Zabus, 130–143. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, Lars, and Kristín Loftsdóttir (eds.). 2012. Whiteness and Postcolonialism in the Nordic Regions: Exceptionalism, Migrant Others and National Identities. Farnham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jichang, Lulu. 2013. CNOOC Bids to Kick-Start Iceland’s Oil Industry. Chinese Investment Tracker, 18 September. http://jichanglulu.tumbir.com/icepand-jan-mayen-cnooc, accessed 5 September 2014.

  • Jóhannsson, Jón Yngvi. 2000. Scandinavian Orientalism: the Reception of Danish-Icelandic Literature 1905–1950. In Nordisk litteratur og mentalitet, ed. M. Marnersdottir and J. Cramer, 245–261. Tórshavn: Fródskaparsetur Faereya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klare, Michael. 2013. The Race for What’s Left: The Global Scramble for the World’s Last Resources. London: Picador.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koivurova, Timo, Carina H. Keskitalo, and Nigel Bankes (eds.). 2009. Climate Governance in the Arctic. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lajeunesse, Adam. 2012. A New Mediterranean? Arctic Shipping Prospects for the Twenty-First Century. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 43 (4), http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-28510339401.html, accessed 5 September 2014.

  • Loftsdóttir, Kristín. 2012a. Colonialism at the Margins: Politics of Difference in Europe as Seen Through Two Icelandic Crises. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 19 (5): 597–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftsdóttir, Kristín. 2012b. Belonging and Icelandic Others: Situating Icelandic Identity in a Postcolonial Context. In Whiteness and Postcolonialism in the Nordic Region: Exceptionalism, Migrant Others and National Identities, ed. Kristín Loftsdóttir and Lars Jensen, 57–72. Farnham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftsdóttir, Kristín, and Lars Jensen. 2012. Introduction: Nordic Exceptionalism and the Nordic ‘Others’. In Whiteness and Postcolonialism in the Nordic Region: Exceptionalism, Migrant Others and National Identities, ed. Kristín Loftsdóttir and Lars Jensen, 1–11. Farnham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, Gavin, and Angelos Parigoris. 2013. Icelandic Archaeology and the Ambiguities of Colonialism. In Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents in a Global Arena, ed. M. Naum and J.M. Nordin, 89–104. New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • MacCannell, Dean. 1976. The Tourist. New York: Schocken.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAteer, Christopher. 2013. Social Constructions of Arctic Ocean-Space. http://www.christophermcateer.com/2013/03/08/the-social-construction-of-artcic-space, accessed 5 September 2014.

  • McCannon, John. 2012. A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation. London: Reaktion Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, Timothy. 2009. Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, Sarah. 2009. The Frozen Ship: The Histories and Tales of Polar Exploration. London: BlueBridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulinari, Diana, Suvi Keskinen, Sara Irni, and Salla Tuori. 2009. Introduction: Postcolonialism and the Nordic Models of Welfare and Gender. In Complying with Colonialism: Gender, Race and Ethnicity in the Nordic Region, ed. S. Keskinen, S. Tuori, S. Irni, and D. Mulinari, 1–16. Farnham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naum, Magdalena, and Jonas M. Nordin. 2013a. Introduction: Situating Scandinavian Colonialism. In Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents in a Global Arena, ed. Magdalena Naum and Jonas M. Nordin. New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Naum, Magdalena, and Jonas M. Nordin (eds.). 2013b. Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents in a Global Arena. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall, Mark. 2002. Protecting the Arctic: Indigenous Peoples and Cultural Survival. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oslund, Karen. 2011. Iceland Imagined: Nature, Culture, and Storytelling in the North Atlantic. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oude, A.G., A. Elferink, and D.R. Rothwell (eds.). 2001. The Law of the Sea and Polar Maritime Delimitation and Jurisdiction. The Hague: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pálsson, Gísli. 2002. Arcticality, Gender, Race and Geography in the Writings of Vilhjalmur Stefansson. In Narrating the Arctic: A Cultural History of Nordic Scientific Practice, ed. Michael Bravo and Sverker Sörlin, 275–310. Canton: Scientific History Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryall, Anka, Johan Schimanski, and Henning Howlid Wærp (eds.). 2010. Arctic Discourses. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sale, Richard, and Eugene Potapov. 2010. The Scramble for the Arctic: Ownership, Exploitation and Conflict in the Far North. London: Frances Lincoln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savitzky, Satya. 2013. Land, Sea and Ice. Unpublished paper, presented at the “Social Water” conference, University of York, June. Cited with the author’s permission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schram, K. 2011. Banking on Borealism: Eating, Smelling and Performing the North. In Iceland and Images of the North, ed. S.R. Ísleifsson, 305–327. Québec: Presses de l’université du Québec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivanandan, A. 2001. Refugees from Globalism. Race & Class 42(3): 87–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Laurence C. 2012. The New North: The World in 2050. London: Profile Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1988. Can the Subaltern Speak? In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, ed. C. Nelson and L. Grossberg, 66–111. Houndmills: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spufford, Francis. 1996. I May Be Some Time: Ice and the English Imagination. London: Faber and Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, Philip E. 2001. The Social Construction of the Ocean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, Philip E. 2016. Europe’s ‘Others’ in the Polar Mediterranean. Tijdschrift voor economische en social geografie 107(2): 177–188. Cited before publication with the author’s permission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoler, Ann Laura. 2008. Imperial Debris: Reflections on Ruin and Ruination. Cultural Anthropology 23(2): 191–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuhl, Andrew T. 2013. The Politics of the ‘New North’: Putting History and Geography at Stake in Arctic Futures. The Polar Journal 3 (1): 94–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, John. 2014. Mining Threatens to Eat Up Northern Europe’s Last Wilderness. Guardian Online, 3 September. http://wwww.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/03/mining-threat-northern-europe-wilderness-finland-sweden-norway, accessed 5 September 2014.

  • Walker, D.M., and M.A. Walker. 2008. Power, Identity and the Production of Buffer Villages in ‘the Second Most Remote Region in All Mexico’. Antipode 40(1): 155–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welch, Andrew. 2006. The Royal Navy in the Cod Wars: Britain and Iceland in Conflict 1958–1976. London: Maritime Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, Oran. 2005. Governing the Arctic: From Cold War Theater to Mosaic of Cooperation. Global Governance 11: 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, Oran. 2009. Whither the Arctic? Conflict or Cooperation in the Circumpolar North. Polar Record 45: 73–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zellen, Barry Scott. 2009. Arctic Doom, Arctic Boom: The Geopolitics of Climate Change in the Arctic. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Huggan, G. (2016). Introduction: Unscrambling the Arctic. In: Huggan, G., Jensen, L. (eds) Postcolonial Perspectives on the European High North. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58817-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics