Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Reclaiming the Night-Time Economy pp 73–119Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Community and Belonging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 770 Accesses

Abstract

What role might a sense of community and belonging play in facilitating young adults’ sense of safety in venues? Does feeling a sense of community and belonging—that you are ‘like’ other patrons and are being ‘looked out’ for—shape the ways in which young people understand and interpret unwanted sexual attention? The chapter explores the ways that a sense of community and belonging were central to participants’ feelings of safety, and in shaping their experiences and understandings of unwanted sexual attention. Young people consistently ‘othered’ the perpetrators and sites of unwanted sexual attention to venues and people that were not ‘like’ them. Discussions of unwanted sexual attention are thus used as a means of identity performance and establishing the boundaries of group belonging as much as they reflect any ‘reality’ of young people’s experiences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The 2am lockout strategy was introduced in Victoria in response to moral panics over the levels of drunkenness and physical violence in the Melbourne CBD. Under the 2am lockout, venues were prohibited from letting patrons enter after 2am (Burgess 2008). This was ostensibly in order to prevent large numbers of drunken youth wandering the city looking for new venues to go to, and fighting with each other in the process. It also aimed to curb binge drinking (Burgess 2008). The lockout strategy was later abandoned, as physical assaults increased during its 3-month trial period (Rennie 2008). Similar strategies were trialed in Queensland (Palk et al. 2010).

  2. 2.

    Likewise, Hollander (2001) documents a similar paradox, drawing our attention to the fact that men tend to report feeling safe in public spaces despite actually being at higher risk of encountering (physical) violence than women.

  3. 3.

    In this instance, this participant was referring to niche subcultural groups, such as S and M venues.

  4. 4.

    These themes around personal space and control will be developed in Chap. 6.

References

  • Abbey, A., Jacques-Tiura, A. J., & LeBreton, J. M. (2011). Risk factors for sexual aggression in young men: An expansion of the confluence model. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 450–464.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London and New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C. A., & Anderson, K. B. (2008). Men who target women: Specificity of target, generality of aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 605–622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T., Daly, K., & Rapp, L. (2009). Clubbing masculinities and crime: A qualitative study of Philadelphia nightclub scenes. Feminist Criminology, 4(4), 302–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arvanitidou, Z., & Gasouka, M. (2011). Dress, identity and cultural practices. The International Journal of the Humanities, 9(1), 17–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Personal safety survey Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banyard, V. L., Moyhnihan, M. M., & Plante, E. G. (2007). Sexual violence prevention through bystander education: An experimental evaluation. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(4), 463–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banyard, V. L., Plante, E. G., & Moynihan, M. M. (2004). Bystander education: Bringing a broader perspective to sexual violence prevention. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1), 61–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohner, G., Eyssel, F., Pina, A., Siebler, F., & Viki, G. (2009). Rape myth acceptance: Cognitive, affective and behavioural effects of beliefs that blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator. In M. Horvath & J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking (pp. 17–45). Willan: Devon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brands, J., & Schwanen, T. (2014). Experiencing and governing safety in the night-time economy: Nurturing the state of being carefree. Emotion, Space and Society, 11, 67–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, O. (2011). “Guys! Stop doing it!” Young women’s adoption and rejection of safety advice when socializing in bars, pubs, and clubs. British Journal of Criminology, 51, 636–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne, K. (2004). Genderism and the bathroom problem: (Re)materializing sexed sites, (re)creating sexed bodies. Gender, Place & Culture, 11(3), 331–346.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Buford-May, R. A., & Chaplin, K. S. (2008). Cracking the code: Race, class and access to nightclubs in urban America. Qualitative Sociology, 31, 57–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, M. (2008). Melbourne venues set for 2am lockout. The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax. http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/2amWcbdWlockoutWplan/2008/05/02/1209235099396.html!

  • Carmody, M. (2009a). Sex and ethics: Young people and ethical sex. South Yarra: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmody, M. (2009b). Sex and ethics: The sexual education program for young people. South Yarra: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterton, P., & Hollands, R. (2002). Theorising urban playscapes: Producing, regulating and consuming nightlife city spaces. Urban Studies, 39(1), 95–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterton, P., & Hollands, R. (2003). Urban nightscapes: Youth cultures, pleasure spaces and corporate power. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. P. (1985). The symbolic construction of community (p. 12). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corteen, K. (2002). Lesbian safety talk: Problematizing definitions and experiences of violence, sexuality and space. Sexualities, 5(3), 259–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalal, F. (2009). The paradox of belonging. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 14(1), 74–81.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Day, K. (2001). Constructing masculinity and women’s fear in public space in Irvine, California. Gender, Place and Culture, 8(2), 109–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, K., Stump, C., & Carreon, D. (2003). Confrontation and loss of control: Masculinity and men’s fear in public spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 311–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delanty, G. (2010). Community (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fileborn, B. (2012b). Sex and the city: Exploring young women’s perceptions and experiences of unwanted sexual attention in licensed venues. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 24(2), 241–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fileborn, B. (2015a). Doing gender, doing safety? Young adults’ production of safety on a night out. Gender, Place & Culture, online first.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fileborn, B. (2015b). Queering safety: LGBTIQ young adults’ production of safety and identity on a night out. In A. Dwyer, M. Ball, & T. Crofts (Eds.), Queering criminology. Palgrave Macmillan: Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, C., & Ore, T. (2010). (Un) covering normalised gender and race subjectivities in LGBT “safe spaces”. Feminist Studies, 36(3), 629–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girschick, L. B. (2002). Woman-to-woman sexual violence: Does she call it rape? Boston: Northeastern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K., Bernards, S., Abbey, A., Dumas, T., & Wells, S. (2014). Young women’s risk of sexual aggression in bars: The roles of intoxication and peer social status. Drug and Alcohol Review, 33, 393–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K., Wells, S., Bernards, S., & Dennison, S. (2010). “Yes, I do but not with you”: Qualitative analyses of sexual/romantic overture-related aggression in bars and clubs. Contemporary Drug Problems, 37, 197–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grazian, D. (2009). Urban nightlife, social capital, and the public life of cities. Sociological Forum, 24(4), 908–917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, H. (2008). Your favourite stars, live on our screens: Media culture, queer publics and commercial space. The Velvet Light Trap, 62(Fall), 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruskin, E., Byrne, K., Kools, S., & Altschuler, A. (2006). Consequences to frequenting the lesbian bar. Women and Health, 44(2), 103–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadfield, P. (2006). Bar wars: Contesting the night in contemporary British cities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hadfield, P., & Measham, F. (2009). Shaping the night: How licensing, social divisions and informal social controls mould the form and content of nightlife. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 11(3), 219–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haruda, J. (1985). Bystander intervention: The effect of ambiguity of the helping situation and the interpersonal relationship between bystanders. Japanese Psychological Research, 27(4), 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, D., Hadfield, P., Lister, S., & Winlow, S. (2003). Bouncers: Violence and governance in the night-time economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, J. A. (2001). Vulnerability and dangerousness: The construction of gender through conversation about violence. Gender and Society, 15(1), 83–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollands, R. (2002). Division in the dark: Youth cultures, transitions and segmented consumption spaces in the night-time economy. Journal of Youth Studies, 5(2), 153–171.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, G., Moloney, M., & Evans, K. (2010). Youth, drugs and nightlife. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, F. (2006). Risky pleasures? Club cultures and feminine identities. Hampshire: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaimangal-Jones, D., Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (2010). Going the distance: Locating journey, liminality and rites of passage in dance music experiences. Leisure Studies, 29(3), 252–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayne, M., Valentine, G., & Holloway, S. (2010). Emotional, embodied and affective geographies of alcohol, drinking and drunkenness. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35(4), 540–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jewkes, R., & Murcott, A. (1996). Meanings of community. Social Science & Medicine, 43(4), 555–563.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. W., & Samdahl, D. M. (2005). “The night they took over”: Misogyny in a country-western gay bar. Leisure Sciences, 27, 331–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, N. (1986). Uniforms and nonuniforms: Communication through clothing. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavanaugh, K. R. (2013). The continuum of sexual violence: Women’s accounts of victimization in urban nightlife. Feminist Criminology, 8(1), 20–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanaugh, P. R., & Anderson, T. L. (2009). Managing physical and sexual assault risk in urban nightlife: Individual- and environmental-level influences. Deviant Behavior, 30(8), 680–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinke, C., & Meyer, C. (1990). Evaluation of rape victims by men and women with high and low belief in a just world. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14(3), 343–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Foubert, J. D., Brasfield, H. M., Hill, B., & Shelley-Tremblay, S. (2011). The men’s program: Does it impact college men’s self-reported bystander efficacy and willingness to intervene? Violence Against Women, 17(6), 743–759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, S. (2004). Rules of engagement habitus, power and resistance. In L. Adkins & B. Skeggs (Eds.), Feminism after Bourdieu (pp. 110–128). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing/The Sociological Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, L., & Baxter, R. (2011). A ‘building event’ of fear: Thinking through the geography of architecture. Social and Cultural Geography, 12(2), 107–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, S., Mack, S., Reinhardt, D., Suarez, H., & Yeh, G. (1992). Halloween as a consumption experience. Advances in Consumer Research, 19, 219–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, J. (2006). A big night out in Melbourne: Drinking as a enactment of class and gender. Contemporary Drug Problems, 33, 29–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, R. D., Levine, M., Best, R. M., & Heim, D. (2012). Bystander reaction to women fighting: Developing a theory of intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(9), 1802–1826.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lugosi, P. (2009). The production of hospitable space: Commercial propositions and consumer co-creation in a bar operation. Space and Culture, 12(4), 396–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malamuth, N. M., Heavey, C. L., & Linz, D. (1996). The confluence model of sexual aggression. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 23(3–4), 13–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matshinhe, D. M. (2009). The dance floor: Nightlife, civilizing process, and multiculturalism in Canada. Space and Culture, 12(1), 116–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, D. W., & Dick, A. (2011). “Being in a room with like-minded men”: An exploratory study of men’s participation in a bystander intervention program to prevent intimate partner violence. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 19(1), 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, A., & Bondi, L. (1999). Embodied discourse: On gender and fear of violence. Gender, Place and Culture, 6(1), 67–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P., Tindall, J., Sonderlund, A., Groombridge, D., Lecathelinais, C., Gillham, K., et al. (2012). Dealin with alcohol-related harm and the night-time economy: Final report. Monograph Series No. 43. Canberra: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monaghan, L. F. (2002). Regulating ‘unruly’ bodies: Work tasks, conflict and violence in Britain’s night-time economy. British Journal of Criminology, 53(3), 403–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S., & Breeze, S. (2012). Spaces of male fear: The sexual politics of being watched. British Journal of Criminology, 52(6), 1172–1191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, L., & Skeggs, B. (2004). Sexuality and the politics of violence and safety. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, J. C., Dirks, D., & Houts Picca, L. (2007). Unmasking racism: Halloween costuming and engagement of the racial other. Qualitative Sociology, 30, 315–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myslik, W. D. (1996). Renegotiating the social/sexual identities of places. Gay communities as safe havens or sites of resistance? In N. Duncan (Ed.), BodySpace: Destabilizing geographies of gender and sexuality (pp. 156–169). London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northcote, J. (2006). Nightclubbing and the search for identity: Making the transition from childhood to adulthood in an urban milieu. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pain, R. (1991). Space, sexual violence and social control: Integrating geographical and feminist analyses of women’s fear of crime. Progress in Human Geography, 15(4), 415–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palk, G. R. M., Davey, J. D., & Freeman, J. E. (2010). The impact of a lockout policy on levels of alcohol-related incidents in and around licensed premises. Police, Practice and Research, 11(1), 5–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, D., & Warren, I. (2014). The pursuit of exclusion through zonal banning. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47(3), 429–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, C. A. (1999). Bicultural competence: A mediating factor affecting alcohol use, practices and problems among lesbian social drinkers. Journal of Drug Issues, 29(1), 135–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, Z. D., & Muehlenhard, C. L. (2007). Conceptualising the ‘wantedness’ of women’s consensual and nonconsensual experiences: Implications for how women label their experiences with rape. Journal of Sex Research, 44(1), 72–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rennie, R. (2008). Brumby drops 2am lockout after increase in violence. The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ristock, J. L. (2002). No more secrets: Violence in lesbian relationships. New York and London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rooke, A. (2007). Navigating embodied lesbian cultural space: Towards a lesbian habitus. Space and Culture, 10(2), 231–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royal, S. V. (2011). Fear, rhetoric and the ‘other’. Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary global contexts, 4(3), 405–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruscher, J. B., O’Neal, E. C., & Hammer, E. D. (1997). The perception of an out-group after provocation by one of its members. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(1), 5–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, K. (2011). The relationship between rape myths and sexual scripts: The social construction of rape. Sex Roles, 65(11/12), 774–782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, L., & Tollefsen, A. (2010). Talking about fear of violence in public space: Female and male narratives about threatening situations in Umea, Sweden. Social and Cultural Geography, 11(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schruijer, S., Blanz, M., Mummendey, A., Tedeschi, J., Banfai, B., Dittmar, H., et al. (1994). The group-serving bias in evaluating and explaining harmful behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(1), 47–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D. R., Rogel, M., & Hendrick, C. (1975). Intervention in the library: The effect of increased responsibility on bystanders’ willingness to prevent a theft. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 5(4), 303–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, T. (2009). A Jungian approach to understanding ‘us vs them’ dynamics. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 14(1), 32–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., Robinson, C., & McCall, P. (1991). “Cooling out” men in singles bars and nightclubs: Observations on the interpersonal survival strategies of women in public places. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 19(4), 423–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanko, E. (1990). Everyday violence: How women and men experience sexual and physical danger. London: Pandora.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, R., & Farrall, S. (2005). Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime: Are women really more anxious about crime? British Journal of Criminology, 45(2), 212–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todahl, J., Linville, D., Bustin, A., Wheeler, J., & Gau, J. (2009). Sexual assault support services and community systems: Understanding critical issues and needs in the LGBTQ community. Violence Against Women, 15(8), 952–976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, K. (2005). Bouncers and occupational masculinity. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 17(1), 154–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyner, J. A. (2012). Space, place and violence: Violence and the embodied geographies of race, sex and gender. New York and London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, G. (1989). The geography of women’s fear. Area, 21(4), 385–390.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, L. (1996). The second closet: Domestic violence in lesbian and gay relationships: A Western Australian perspective. Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law, 3(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkan, V. D. (2009). Large-group identity: ‘Us and them’ polarizations in the international arena. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 14(1), 4–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. (2000). The right to party safely: A report on young women, sexual violence and licensed premises. Melbourne: CASA House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, K. (2010). Too ashamed to report: Deconstructing the shame of sexual victimization. Feminist Criminology, 5(3), 286–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Workman, J. E., & Freeburg, E. W. (1999). An examination of date rape, victim dress, and perceiver variables within the context of attribution theory. Sex Roles, 41(314), 261–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajdow, G. (2011). Outsourcing the risks: Alcohol licensing, risk and the making of the night time economy. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 23(1), 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. La Trobe University, Australia, Melbourne, Australia

    Bianca Fileborn

Authors
  1. Bianca Fileborn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fileborn, B. (2016). Community and Belonging. In: Reclaiming the Night-Time Economy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58791-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58791-6_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58790-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58791-6

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation