Skip to main content

An Awkward Equilibrium

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Faithful Victorian
  • 141 Accesses

Abstract

Jessie Fothergill’s novel, Healey; a Romance (1875), is set against a background of “strikes and industrial action” in a small fictional mill community in the north of England. In it, Fothergill explores “some of the moral, social and literary dilemmas of her time” (Debenham 2004: 68). Chief among the social problems Fothergill identified was the encroachment of the new industrial order on English provincial life. Indeed, her interest in and understanding of industrialism was strongly motivated by the transformation of northern England from a patriarchal-agrarian order into a society shaped by the commercial ethos of the city. In framing her account of the new economic and social order that would emerge from the clash between “city and country”, Fothergill consulted a number of key works on the harshness of the machine age, foremost among which was William Thornton’s (1869) book, On Labour: Its Wrongful Claims and Rightful Dues; Its Actual Present and Possible Future, a testament to its popularity and influence at the time.1

The one living writer whose abilities and acquirements I feel high respect.

—J. E. Cairnes on W. T. Thornton (1874)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • William Thomas Thornton’s Books and Articles

    Google Scholar 

  • Primary Sources

    Google Scholar 

  • Secondary Sources

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, W.T. 1866. New theory of supply and demand. Fortnightly Review 1(34): 420–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, W.T. 1869b. On labour: Its wrongful claims and rightful dues; its actual present and possible future. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, W.T. 1870a. On labour: Its wrongful claims and rightful dues; its actual present and possible future. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beesly, E.S. 1867. The trades’ union commission. Fortnightly Review 2(n.s.): 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, A. 1975. The early economic writings of Alfred Marshall, 1867–1890, ed. J.K. Whitaker. 2 vols. London: Macmillan

    Google Scholar 

  • McCready, H.W. 1954–1955. British labour and the Royal Commission on Trade Unions, 1867-1869. University of Toronto Quarterly 24: 390–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J.S. 1963. Earlier letters of John Stuart Mill, 18121848. Vols. 12–13 of collected works of John Stuart Mill, ed. F.E. Mineka. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J.S. 1965 [1848]. Principles of political economy, with some of their applications to social philosophy. Vols. 2–3 of Collected works of John Stuart Mill, ed. J.M. Robson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J.S. 1967 [1869]. Thornton on labour and its claims. Vol. 5 of Collected works of John Stuart Mill, ed. J.M. Robson, 632–668. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J.S. 1972. The later letters, 1849–1873. Vols. 14–17 of Collected works of John Stuart Mill, eds. F.E. Mineka and D.N. Lindley. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J.S. 1991. Additional letters of John Stuart Mill. Vol. 32 of Collected works of John Stuart Mill. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saintsbury, George. 1875. Review of Healey; a Romance by Jessie Fothergill. Academy 8: 245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadwell, J.L. 1872. The theory of wages. Westminster Review 41(ns): 184–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taussig, F. 1896. Wages and capital: An examination of the wages fund doctrine. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. 1871. Economic fallacies and labour utopias. Quarterly Review 131: 229–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bharadwaj, K. 1978. The subversion of classical economics: Alfred Marshall’s early writing on value. Cambridge Journal of Economics 2: 253–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biagini, E. 1987. British trade unions and popular political economy, 1860–1880. Historical Journal 30: 811–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breit, William. 1967. The wages fund controversy revisited. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 33(22): 509–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Checkland, S.G. 1985. British public policy, 1776-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S.J. 2009. The intellectual foundations of Alfred Marshall’s economic science: A rounded globe of knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Marchi, N.B. 1970. The empirical content and longevity of Ricardian economics. Economica 37(147): 257–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Marchi, N.B. 1974. The success of Mill’s principles. History of Political Economy 6(2): 119–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Marchi, N.B. 1988. John Stuart Mill interpretation since Schumpeter. In Classical political economy: A survey of recent literature, ed. W.O. Thweatt. Boston: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debenham, Helen. 2004. Popular Victorian women writers. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, M. 1995. Marx on the wages fund doctrine: A comment. Revue d'Economie Politique 105(2): 345–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, M. 1997. Mill’s affirmation of the classical wage fund doctrine. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 44(1): 82–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, M. 1999a. One step ahead: Thornton versus Longe. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 6(1): 22–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, M. 2000. Some unpublished correspondence of William Thomas Thornton, 1866–1872. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 7(3): 321–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, M., and M. Wright. 2002. William T. Thornton on the economics of trade unions: An early contribution to efficient bargaining theory. International Journal of Applied Economics and Econometrics 10(2): 218–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekelund, R.B. 1997. W.T. Thornton: Savant, idiot, or idiot-savant? Journal of the History of Economic Thought 19: 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekelund, R.B., and S. Thommesen. 1989. Disequilibrium theory and Thornton’s assault on the laws of supply and demand. History of Political Economy 21(4): 567–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forget, E. 1991. John Stuart Mill, Francis Longe and William Thornton on demand and supply. Journal of the History of Economic Thought 13: 205–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forget, E. 1992. J.S. Mill and the Tory School: The rhetorical value of the recantation. History of Political Economy 24(1): 31–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groenewegen, P.D. 1995. A soaring eagle: Alfred Marshall, 1842–1924. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, S. 1968. The role of the state in vocational training: The classical economists view. Southern Economic Journal 34: 513–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, S. 1985. The economics of John Stuart Mill. 2 vols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison, T.W. 1953. A review of economic doctrines. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurer, O. 1992. J.S. Mill and utopian socialism. Economic Record 68(202): 222–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipkes, J. 1999. Politics, religion and classical political economy in Britain: John Stuart Mill and his followers. London: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, P. (ed.). 2006. Liberty and authority in Victorian Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirowski, P. 1989. More heat than light: Economics as social physics, physics as nature’s economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mirowski, P. 1990. Smooth operator: How Marshall’s demand and supply curves made neoclassicism safe for public consumption, but unfit for science. In Alfred Marshall in retrospect, ed. R. McWilliams-Tullberg. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirowski, P. 2004. The effortless economy of science? Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negishi, T. 1986. Thornton’s criticism of equilibrium theory and Mill. History of Political Economy 18(4): 567–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negishi, T. 1989. On equilibrium and disequilibrium: A reply to Ekelund and Thommesen. History of Political Economy 21(4): 593–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelling, H. 1963. A history of British trade unionism. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petridis, A. 1973. Alfred Marshall’s attitudes to and economic analysis of trade unions: A case of anomalies in a competitive system. History of Political Economy 5: 165–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pigou, A.C. 1949. Mill and the wages fund. Economic Journal 59: 171–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, R. 2007. John Stuart Mill: Victorian firebrand. London: Atlantic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, L. 1974. Review. The later letters of John Stuart Mill, 1849–1873. In Collected works of John Stuart Mill, vol. 14–17, ed. Francis E. Mineka and Dwight N. Lindley. Toronto: Toronto University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stigler, G. 1965. Essays in the history of economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uemiya, S. 1981. Jevons and Fleeming Jenkin. Kobe University Economic Review 27: 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, E.G., and R.W. Hafer. 1978. JS Mill, unions, and the wages fund recantation. Quarterly Journal of Economics 92(4): 603–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, E.G., and R.W. Hafer. 1981. JS Mill, unions, and the wages fund recantation—Reply. Quarterly Journal of Economics 96(3): 543–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, J.K. 1975. The early economic writings of Alfred Marshall, 1867–1890. 2 vols. London: Macmillan

    Google Scholar 

  • White, M.V. 1994. That God-forgotten Thornton: Exorcising higgling after on labour. In Higgling: Transactions and the markets in the history of economic thought, ed. N. de Marchi and M. Morgan. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Donoghue, M. (2016). An Awkward Equilibrium. In: Faithful Victorian. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58773-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58773-2_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-59086-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58773-2

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics