Abstract
Once upon a time, America was reputed to have an exceptionally small state. In the 1830s, Tocqueville could barely see it. In the decades after his visit, American government lagged in seizing central control of the country. Later observers claimed that Americans were “anti-statist” (Lipset 1996). Their liberal tradition, rooted in the Constitution, ostensibly aimed to restrain state power and free citizens to pursue their own purposes. With each branch of government checking the other two, and political power decentralized by a federalist division of labor, the United States resisted the kind of state building that became the mark of modernity across much of the globe. In the land of liberty, government was at best a necessary evil, or so conventional wisdom had it. History and law and culture combined to create a governmental exception.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aaron, Henry, and Gary Burtless. 2014. Potential Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Income Inequality. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
ACLU [American Civil Liberties Union]. 2013. Voting Rights. www.aclu.org/issues/voting-rights. Accessed 22 Aug 2016.
Adams, John Quincy. 1820. Letter to Furstenwaerther, June 4th, 1819. Niles’ Register 29: 157–158.
Adema, Willem, Pauline Fron, and Maxime Ladaique. 2011. Is the European Welfare State Really More Expensive? Indicators on Social Spending, 1980–2012. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Anderson, Terry H. 2004. The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action. New York: Oxford University Press.
Autor, David H., and Mark G. Duggan. 2006. The Growth in the Social Security Disability Rolls: A Fiscal Crisis Unfolding. Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(3): 71–96.
Bagley, Nicholas. 2016. Legal Limits and the Implementation of the Affordable Care Act. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 164: 1715–1752.
BCBS [Blue Cross Blue Shield]. 2016. Newly Enrolled Members in the Individual Market after Health Care Reform: The Experience from 2014 and 2015. Chicago: Blue Cross Blue Shield.
Bon Tempo, Carl J. 2011. American Exceptionalism and Immigration Debates in the Modern United States. In American Exceptionalisms: From Winthrop to Winfrey, ed. Sylvia Söderlind and James T. Carson, 147–165. Albany: SUNY Press.
Brady, David, Jason Beckfield, and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser. 2005. Economic Globalization and the Welfare State in Affluent Democracies, 1975–2001. American Sociological Review 70(6): 921–948.
Brill, Steven. 2015. America’s Bitter Pill: Money, Politics, Backroom Deals, and the Fight to Fix Our Broken Healthcare System. New York: Random House.
Brooks, Clem, and Jeff Manza. 2007. Why Welfare States Persist: The Importance of Public Opinion in Democracies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Camarota, Steven A. 2015. Welfare Use by Immigrant and Native Households: An Analysis of Medicaid, Cash, Food, and Housing Programs. Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies.
CBO [Congressional Budget Office]. 2016. Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People under Age 65: 2016 to 2026. Washington, DC: CBO.
Census [U.S. Census Bureau]. 2012. Survey of Income and Program Participation. Table 2. People by Receipt of Benefits from Selected Programs. http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/sipp/publications/tables/hsehld-char.html. Accessed 20 Aug 2016.
CIS [Center for Immigration Studies]. 1995. Three Decades of Mass Immigration: The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act. http://cis.org/1965ImmigrationAct-MassImmigration. Accessed 22 Aug 2016.
Commissioners. 2013. Open Letter From Eight Former Social Security Commissioners. http://socsecnews.blogspot.com/2013/04/open-letter-from-eight-former-social.html. Accessed 19 Aug 2016.
Danielson, J. Taylor, and Robin Stryker. 2015. Cultural Influences on Social Policy Development. In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Social Policy, ed. Daniel Béland, Christopher Howard, and Kimberly J. Morgan, 133–150. New York: Oxford University Press.
DHS [Department of Homeland Security]. 2015. Deferred Action for Childhod Arrivals. https://www.dhs.gov/deferred-action-childhood-arrivals. Accessed 23 Aug 2016.
Du Bois, W.E.B. 1998 [1935]. Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880. New York: Free Press.
———. 2007 [1903]. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Oxford University Press.
Eberstadt, Nicholas. 2012. A Nation of Takers: America’s Entitlement Epidemic. West Conshohocken: Templeton Press.
———. 2015. American Exceptionalism and the Entitlement State. National Affairs 22(Winter): 25–38.
Ellis, R.P., T. Chen, and C.E. Luscombe. 2014. Comparisons of Health Insurance Systems in Developed Countries. In Encyclopedia of Health Economics, ed. Anthony J. Culyer, 396–406. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Emanuel, Ezekiel. 2014. Reinventing American Health Care: How the Affordable Care Act Will Improve Our Terribly Complex, Blatantly Unjust, Outrageously Expensive, Grossly Inefficient, Error Prone System. New York: PublicAffairs.
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fehrenbacher, Don E. 1978. The Dred Scott Case. New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 2001. The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fitzgerald, Keith. 1996. The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Foner, Eric. 1988. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper and Row.
Frey, William H. 2015. Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Frye, D. Randall. 2014. Fixing Disability Courts. The New York Times, January 19.
Gallup. 2016. Gallup Historical Trends: Government. www.gallup.com/poll/27286/government.aspx. Accessed 20 Aug 2016.
GAO [Government Accountability Office]. 2015. Federal Low-Income Programs: Multiple Programs Target Diverse Populations and Needs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office.
Garfinkel, Irwin, Rainwater Lee, and Timothy Smeeding. 2010. Wealth and Welfare States: Is America a Laggard or Leader? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gordon, Linda. 1994. Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare, 1890–1935. New York: Free Press.
Grossmann, Matt, and David A. Hopkins. 2015. Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats: The Asymmetry of American Party Politics. Perspectives on Politics 13(1): 119–139.
GWURSC [George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center]. 2016. Pages in the Federal Register (1936–2015). https://regulatorystudies.columbian.gwu.edu/sites/regulatorystudies.columbian.gwu.edu/files/downloads/Pages.JPG. Accessed 31 Aug 2016.
HHS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]. 2011. A Report on the Actuarial, Marketing, and Legal Analyses of the CLASS Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Hicks, Alexander M. 1999. Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Higginbotham, A. Leon. 1978. In the Matter of Color: The Colonial Period. New York: Oxford University Press.
Higham, John. 2002. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Huber, Evelyne, and John D. Stephens. 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. 2004. Who Are We?: America’s National Identity and the Challenges It Faces. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Ip, Greg. 2016. Obama Health Law’s Instability Is Intrinsic. The Wall Street Journal, August 18.
Jensen, Laura S. 2015. Social Provision before the Twentieth Century. In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Social Policy, ed. Daniel Béland, Christopher Howard, and Kimberly J. Morgan, 23–40. New York: Oxford University Press.
Joffe-Walt, Chana. 2013. Unfit for Work: The Startling Rise of Disability in America [NPR Radio Documentary]. apps.npr.org/unfit-for-work/. Accessed 19 Aug 2016.
Johnson, Lyndon B. 1965. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill. New York: Liberty Island. http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp. Accessed 22 Aug 2016.
Kenworthy, Lane. 2014. Social Democratic America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kerner [National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders]. 1968. Report. New York: Dutton.
Kessler, Glenn. 2013. How Many Pages of Regulations for ‘Obamacare’? Washington Post, May 15.
Klein, Jennifer. 2015. From the Fair Deal to the Great Society. In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Social Policy, ed. Daniel Béland, Christopher Howard, and Kimberly J. Morgan, 76–94. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lechner, Frank J. 2009. Globalization: The Making of World Society. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Leonard, Thomas C. 2016. Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lewis, David L. 2009. W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt.
Lindert, Peter H. 2004. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1996. American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. New York: W.W. Norton.
Loevy, Robert D. 1990. To End All Segregation: The Politics and Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Lanham: University Press of America.
Lofgren, Charles. 1987. The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lukas, J. Anthony. 1986. Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families. New York: Vintage Books.
Lynch, Julia F. 2015. A Cross-National Perspective on the American Welfare State. In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Social Policy, ed. Daniel Béland, Christopher Howard, and Kimberly J. Morgan, 112–130. New York: Oxford University Press.
Marken, Stephanie. 2016. U.S. Uninsured Rate at 11%, Lowest in Eight-Year Trend. http://www.gallup.com/poll/190484/uninsured-rate-lowest-eight-year-trend.aspx. Accessed 19 Aug 2016.
Markovits, Andrei S., and Steven L. Hellerman. 2001. Offside: Soccer and American Exceptionalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Marshall, T.H. 1964. Class, Citizenship, and Social Development. Garden City: Doubleday.
Mintz, Steven. 2015. Winning the Vote: A History of Voting Rights. History Now. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/government-and-civics/essays/winning-vote-history-voting-rights. Accessed 21 Aug 2016.
Moffitt, Robert E. 2016. Year Six of the Affordable Care Act: Obamacare’s Mounting Problems. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2016/04/year-six-of-the-affordable-care-act-obamacares-mounting-problems. Accessed 20 Aug 2016.
Morris, Andrew. 2015. The Great Depression and World War II. In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Social Policy, ed. Daniel Béland, Christopher Howard, and Kimberly J. Morgan, 59–75. New York: Oxford University Press.
Murray, Shailagh, and Lori Montgomery. 2010. House Passes Health-Care Reform Bill Without Republican Votes. Washington Post, March 22.
Myrdal, Gunnar. 1962 (1944). An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
NAS [National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]. 2015. In The Integration of Immigrants into American Society, ed. Mary C. Waters and Marisa Gerstein Pineau. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Ngai, Mae M. 2004. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
OECD [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development]. 2010. Sickness, Disability, and Work: Breaking the Barriers. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2014. Social Expenditure Update (November). https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2014-Social-Expenditure-Update-Nov2014-8pages.pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2016.
OIG [Office of the Inspector General]. 2010. Alabama Disability Determination Service’s Business Process for Adjudicating Disability Claims. Washington, DC: Social Security Administration.
Orchowski, Margaret S. 2015. The Law That Changed the Face of America: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Patterson, Orlando. 2008. Black Americans. In Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation, ed. Peter H. Schuck and James Q. Wilson, 375–410. New York: PublicAffairs.
Pew. 2015. Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S., Driving Population Growth and Change through 2065: Views of Immigration’s Impact on U.S. Society Mixed. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
Pierce, Richard J. Jr. 2011. What Should We Do about Social Security Disability Appeals? Cato Institute. http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/2011/9/regv34n3-3.pdf. Accessed 19 Aug 2016.
Pierson, Paul. 1994. Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2001. Coping with Permanent Austerity: Welfare State Restructuring in Affluent Democracies. In The New Politics of the Welfare State, ed. Paul Pierson, 410–456. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2007. The Rise and Reconfiguration of Activist Government. In The Transformation of American Politics, ed. Paul Pierson and Theda Skocpol, 19–38. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pierson, Paul, and Theda Skocpol. 2007. American Politics in the Long Run. In The Transformation of American Politics, ed. Paul Pierson and Theda Skocpol, 3–16. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
PPACA. 2010. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (H.R. 3590). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Rector, Robert, and Jason Richwine. 2013. The Fiscal Cost of Unlawful Immigrants and Amnesty to the U.S. Taxpayer. The Heritage Foundation. http://report.heritage.org/sr133. Accessed 23 Aug 2016.
Reimers, David M. 1985. Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America. New York: Columbia University Press.
Robertson, David Brian. 2015. The Progressive Era. In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Social Policy, ed. Daniel Béland, Christopher Howard, and Kimberly J. Morgan, 41–58. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rodwin, Victor G. 1987. American Exceptionalism in the Health Care Sector: The Advantages of ‘Backwardness’ in Learning from Abroad. Medical Care Review 44(1).
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1944. State of the Union Message to Congress. http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/address_text.html. Accessed 20 Aug 2016.
Russell, Joseph, and Jeanne Batalova. 2012. European Immigrants in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. http://www.migrationpolicy.org. Accessed 22 Aug 2016.
Schor, Esther. 2006. Emma Lazarus. New York: Schocken Books.
Scism, Leslie, and Jon Hilsenrath. 2013. Workers Stuck in Disability Stunt Economic Recovery. The Wall Street Journal, April 10.
Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Somers, Margaret R., and Fred Block. 2005. From Poverty to Perversity: Ideas, Markets, and Institutions Over 200 Years of Welfare Debate. American Sociological Review 70(2): 260–287.
SSA [Social Security Administration]. 2016. Selected Data from Social Security’s Disability Program. Washington, DC: SSA.
Sunstein, Cass R. 2004. The Second Bill of Rights: FDR’s Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More Than Ever. New York: Basic Books.
Ueda, Reed. 2012. Pathways of Incorporation for Immigrant Citizens in the United States: Perspectives on Historical Patterns. In Oxford Handbook of the Politics of International Migration, ed. Marc R. Rosenblum and Daniel J. Tichenor, 410–426. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
UN. 2013. International Migration Report 2013. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Van Kersbergen, Kees, and Barbara Vis. 2014. Comparative Welfare State Politics: Development, Opportunities and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Voegeli, William. 2010. Never Enough: America’s Limitless Welfare State. New York: Encounter Books.
Waddan, Alex. 2015. The U.S. Welfare State Since 1970. In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Social Policy, ed. Daniel Béland, Christopher Howard, and Kimberly J. Morgan, 95–111. New York: Oxford University Press.
Waldinger, Roger. 2007. Between Here and There: How Attached Are Latino Immigrants to Their Native Country? Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
———. 2015. The Cross-Border Connection: Immigrants, Emigrants, and Their Homelands. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
White, Theodore H. 2010 [1965]. The Making of the President 1964. New York: Harper Perennial Political Classics.
Zolberg, Aristide R. 2006. A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Legal Cases Cited
Browder v. Gayle, 352 U.S. 903 (1956).
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 2, 349 U.S. 294 (1955).
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857).
Fisher v. University of Texas, 579 U.S. ___ (2016).
Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 401 U.S. 424 (1971).
Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).
Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70 (1995).
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, 572 U.S. __ (2014).
Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. __ (2013).
Shelley v. Kramer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971).
Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).
Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, 576 U.S. __ (2015).
United States v. Texas, 579 U.S. __ (2016).
Veasey v. Perry, 574 U.S. __ (2014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lechner, F.J. (2017). “Land of Liberty”: The American Governmental Exception. In: The American Exception, Volume 2. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58720-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58720-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58719-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58720-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)