Skip to main content

“A Shining City”? Perspectives on the American Exception

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 251 Accesses

Abstract

What exactly makes the United States exceptional? In a lengthy stream of collective consciousness, Americans have had much to say about the question. A certain story about the country’s exceptional qualities runs through American commentary on American society. The commentary crystallized into a tradition of exceptionalism that shaped how Americans imagine their national community. As an “ism,” it gave that imagination special strength and coherence: “exceptionalism has been a resilient long-term constant in American culture,” two historians argue (Molho and Wood 1998: 4). With all its positive connotations, American exceptionalism was “present at the very creation of America,” part of its “intellectual construction” (Greene 1993: 6). It has continued to play that role.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Appleby, Joyce. 1992. Recovering America’s Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism. The Journal of American History 79(2): 419–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aron, Robert, and Arnaud Dandieu. 1931. Le Cancer Américain. Paris: Rieder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, Max. 2014 [1935]. Fifty Years of International Socialism. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, Daniel. 1952. The Background and Development of Marxian Socialism in the United States. In Socialism and American Life, Volume 1, ed. Donald Drew Egbert and Stow Persons, 213–405. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1975. The End of American Exceptionalism. The Public Interest 41: 193–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bercovitch, Sacvan. 2012. The American Jeremiad. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, Russell A. 2004. Anti-Americanism in Europe: A Cultural Problem. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge, Albert J. 1900. Albert J. Beveridge’s Maiden Speech. Wikisource. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge%27s_maiden_speech. Accessed 27 July 2016.

  • Brogan, Hugh. 2006. Alexis de Tocqueville: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceaser, James W. 2000. Reconstructing America: The Symbol of America in Modern Thought. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ______. 2012. The Origins and Character of American Exceptionalism. American Political Thought 1(1): 3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiddick, John. 2007. The Cold War and Anti-Americanism. In Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes. Vol. 2: Historical Perspectives, ed. Brendon O’Connor, 151–175. Oxford: Greenwood World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiozza, Giacomo. 2007. Disaggregating Anti-Americanism: An Analysis of Individual Attitudes Toward the United States. In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane, 93–126. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ______. 2009. Anti-Americanism and the American World Order. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commager, Henry Steele, and Elmo Giordanetti, eds. 1967. Was America a Mistake? An Eighteenth-Century Controversy. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craiutu, Aurelian, and Jeremy Jennings, eds. 2009. Tocqueville on America after 1840: Letters and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croly, Herbert. 1911 [1909]. The Promise of American Life. New York: The Macmillan Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daley, Suzanne. 2000. Europe’s Dim View Of U.S. Is Evolving into Frank Hostility. The New York Times, April 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damrosch, Leo. 2010. Tocqueville’s Discovery of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danforth, Samuel, and Paul Royster. 1670. A Brief Recognition of New-Englands Errand into the Wilderness: An Online Electronic Text Edition. Lincoln: Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln Faculty Publications. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/35. Accessed 30 Aug 2014.

  • Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2010. Democracy in America: Historical-Critical Edition of De la démocratie en Amérique (4 volumes). Trans. James T. Schleifer. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deneen, Patrick J. 2012. Cities of Man on a Hill. American Political Thought 1(1): 29–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drabble, Margaret. 2003. I Loathe America, and What It has Done to the World. The Telegraph, May 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draper, Theodore. 1977. American Communism and Soviet Russia: The Formative Period. New York: Octagon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drescher, Seymour. 2006. Tocqueville’s Comparisons: Choices and Lessons. The Tocqueville Review XXVII 2: 479–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwight, Timothy. 1780. America: Or, a Poem on the Settlement of the British Colonies. New Haven: Thomas and Samuel Green [Ann Arbor: Text Creation Partnership].

    Google Scholar 

  • Echeverria, Durand. 1957. Mirage in the West: A History of the French Image of American Society to 1815. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, Jonathan. 1758. The Millennium Probably to Dawn in America. In Works of Jonathan Edwards Online, Volume 4, The Great Awakening, ed. C.C. Goen, 353–358. New Haven: Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, Joseph. 2006. Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy’s Guide. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenton, Ben. 2006. Britons See U.S. as Vulgar Empire Builder. The Telegraph, July 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fluck, Winfried. 2005. California Blue: Americanization as Self-Americanization. In Americanization and Anti-Americanism: The German Encounter with American Culture after 1945, ed. Alexander Stephan, 221–237. New York: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foner, Eric. 1984. Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? History Workshop 17: 57–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Max Paul. 2012. Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, Richard M. 2012. In Search of the City on a Hill: The Making and Unmaking of an American Myth. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbi, Antonello. 1973. The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin, Todd. 2003. Anti-Anti-Americanism. Dissent 50(1): 103–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, Linda. 2004. Hating Amerika: Anti-Americanism and the American Left. In Anti-Americanism, ed. Andrew Ross and Kristin Ross, 273–280. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, Jack P. 1993. The Intellectual Construction of America: Exceptionalism and Identity from 1492 to 1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, Paul. 2004a. Introduction: The New Virulence and Popularity. In Understanding Anti-Americanism: Its Origins and Impact at Home and Abroad, ed. Paul Hollander, 3–42. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, ed. 2004b. Understanding Anti-Americanism: Its Origins and Impact at Home and Abroad. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huygen, Maarten. 2000. Amerikaanse Toestanden: Hoe het Poldermodel Verdwijnt. Amsterdam: Contact.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isernia, Pierangelo. 2007. Anti-Americanism in Europe During the Cold War. In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane, 57–92. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, Josef. 2008. A Canvas, Not a Country: How Europe Sees America. In Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation, ed. Peter H. Schuck and James Q. Wilson, 597–626. New York: PublicAffairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammen, Michael. 1993. The Problem of American Exceptionalism. American Quarterly 45(1): 1–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, John. 2007. Schizophrenic Nationalism and Anti-Americanism. In Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes. Volume 2: Historical Perspectives, ed. Brendon O’Connor, 29–54. Oxford: Greenwood World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karabel, Jerome. 1979. The Failure of American Socialism Reconsidered. The Socialist Register 16: 204–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katznelson, Ira. 1997. Working-Class Formation and American Exceptionalism, Yet Again. In American Exceptionalism? U.S. Working-Class Formation in an International Context, ed. Rick Halpern and Jonathan Morris, 36–55. Houndmills: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, David M. 1971. Progressivism: The Critical Issues. Boston Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Imagining America: The Promise and Peril of Boundlessness. In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane, 39–54. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keohane, Robert O., and Peter J. Katzenstein. 2007. Introduction: The Politics of Anti-Americanisms. In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane, 1–38. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klehr, Harvey. 1973. Marxist Theory in Search of America. The. Journal of Politics 35(2): 311–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kloppenberg, James T. 1986. Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. Tocqueville, Mill, and the American Gentry. The Tocqueville Review XXVII(2): 351–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krastev, Ivan. 2007. The Anti-American Century? In The Anti-American Century, ed. Ivan Krastev and Alan McPherson, 7–25. Budapest: Central European University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach, Eugene E. 2004. 1900–1914. In A Companion to 20th-Century America, ed. Stephen J. Whitfield, 3–18. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, Mark. 2012. The Third Life of American Exceptionalism. Language Log. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3798. Accessed 29 July 2016.

  • Lippmann, Walter. 1914. Drift and Mastery: An Attempt to Diagnose the Current Unrest. New York: M. Kennerley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Gary Marks. 2000. It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovestone, Jay. 1928. The Sixth World Congress of the Communist International. The Communist VII(11): 659–675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, Deborah L. 1998. American Exceptionalism. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, Pauline. 1997. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markovits, Andrei S. 2007. Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, George M. 2003. Jonathan Edwards: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, Terrence. 2012. How Joseph Stalin Invented ‘American Exceptionalism’. The Atlantic. March 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGerr, Michael. 2003. A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, Alan. 2007. Introduction. Antiyanquismo: Nascent Scholarship, Ancient Sentiments. In Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. Alan McPherson, 1–34. New York: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melville, Herman. 2005. White Jacket, or the World in a Man-of-War. Ria Press. http://www.riapress.com/White-Jacket/?-session=StoreSession:4C6F223811c0c3473CnkI1ECD568. Accessed 28 July 2016.

  • Messer-Kruse, Timothy. 2011. The Trial of the Haymarket Anarchists: Terrorism and Justice in the Gilded Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier, Sophie. 2007. The Distinctiveness of French Anti-Americanism. In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane, 129–156. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molho, Anthony, and Gordon S. Wood. 1998. Introduction. In Imagined Histories: American Historians Interpret the Past, ed. Anthony Molho and Gordon S. Wood, 3–21. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, Brendon. 2007. What Is Anti-Americanism? In Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes. Volume 1: Causes and Sources, ed. Brendon O’Connor, 1–22. Oxford: Greenwood World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, Richard S., and Richardson Dougall. 1976. The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States. Washington, DC: Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pells, Richard H. 1997. Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World War II. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierson, George W. 1938. Tocqueville and Beaumont in America. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinter, Harold. 2003. Speech at Hyde Park February 15th 2003. haroldpinter.org. http://www.haroldpinter.org/home/hydeparkspeech.html. Accessed 30 July 2016.

  • Reagan, Ronald. 1974. We Will Be a City Upon a Hill [speech at First Conservative Political Action Conference]. http://reagan2020.us/speeches/City_Upon_A_Hill.asp. Accessed 27 July 2016.

  • ———. 1989. President Reagan’s Farewell Speech. http://reagan2020.us/speeches/Farewell.asp. Accessed 27 July 2016.

  • Robertson, James Oliver. 1980. American Myth, American Reality. New York: Hill & Wang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, Daniel T. 1998. Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. American Exceptionalism Revisited. Raritan 24(2): 21–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roger, Philippe. 2005. The American Enemy: A Story of French Anti-Americanism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, Andrew. 2004. The Domestic Front. In Anti-Americanism, ed. Andrew Ross and Kristin Ross, 281–300. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, Alan. 2002. Visions of Politics. The New York Review of Books, June 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sardar, Ziauddin, and Merryl Wyn Davies. 2004. American Dream, Global Nightmare. London: Icon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schama, Simon. 2003. The Unloved American: Two Centuries of Alienating Europe. The New Yorker, March 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, James T. 1980. The Making of Tocqueville’s Democracy in America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter, Anne-Marie. 2007. The Idea That Is America: Keeping Faith with Our Values in a Dangerous World. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderlind, Sylvia, and James T. Carson, eds. 2011. American Exceptionalisms: From Winthrop to Winfrey. Albany: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sombart, Werner. 1976. Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? White Plains: International Arts and Sciences Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stead, W.T. 1901. The Americanization of the World: The Trend of the Twentieth Century. New York: Horace Markley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stendhal. 1958. The Charterhouse of Parma. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, David. 1978. The Menace in the West: The Rise of French Anti-Americanism in Modern Times. Westport: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temkin, Moshik. 2009. The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair: America on Trial. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2004. Democracy in America. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. New York: The Library of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Democracy in America: Historical-Critical Edition of De la Démocratie en Amérique (4 volumes). Trans. James T. Schleifer. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trollope, Frances. 1832. Domestic Manners of the Americans. London: Whittaker, Treacher & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuveson, Ernest Lee. 1968. Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America’s Millennial Role. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrell, Ian. 2007. American Exceptionalism and Anti-Americanism. In Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes. Volume 2: Historical Perspectives, ed. Brendon O’Connor, 99–117. Oxford: Greenwood World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, Kim. 1993. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilentz, Sean. 1984. Against Exceptionalism: Class Consciousness and the American Labor Movement, 1790–1920. International Labor and Working-Class History 26: 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winthrop, John. 1630. A Model of Christian Charity. The Winthrop Society. http://winthropsociety.com/doc_charity.php. Accessed 8 Feb 2015.

  • Wood, Gordon S. 1991. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, Ben. 2013. Did Stalin Really Coin “American Exceptionalism”? Language Log. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=7225. Accessed 28 July 2016.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lechner, F.J. (2017). “A Shining City”? Perspectives on the American Exception. In: The American Exception, Volume 1. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58717-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58717-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58716-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58717-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics