Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

EU-China-Africa Trilateral Relations in a Multipolar World pp 127–151Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Chinese and African Responses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 716 Accesses

Part of the book series: The European Union in International Affairs ((EUIA))

Abstract

Chapter 6 considers the policy responses by China and Africa to EU engagement. In order to explain how China and Africa have reacted to the EU’s proposal of a trilateral development dialogue, the chapter starts by providing an overview of Chinese foreign policy and the role of the African Union (AU). Chinese and African responses are examined from two different perspectives: that of rationalism and constructivism. While the rationalist viewpoint focuses on the institutions and interests shaping Chinese and African foreign policy, the constructivist evaluation draws attention to the norms and values characterising the political discourse in China and Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In addition to the strategic partnership with the EU, China has also established strategic partnerships with single EU member states, notably with France, the UK and Germany.

  2. 2.

    See Figure 1.2 in Chapter 1.

  3. 3.

    Africa’s eight RECs are The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU/UMA), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the East African Community (EAC), the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CENSAD).

  4. 4.

    Alongside China, India and Brazil, the AU also engaged in discussions with Turkey, Japan, Korea, Iran, South America and the Gulf States for establishing Strategic Partnerships.

References

  • Adebajo, A. (2012), “Paradise Lost and Found: The African Union and the European Union”, in A. Adebajo and K. Whiteman (eds.), The EU and Africa: From Eurafrique to Afro-Europa, London: Hurst & Company, pp. 45–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • African Union (2006), “Press Release No. 43/2006, Task Force on Africa’s Strategic Partnerships with Emerging Powers to meet”, Addis Ababa, 11–13 September 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • African Union (2009), “Decision on Multilateral Cooperation, Doc. EX.CL/504(XV)”, Addis Ababa, 24–30 June 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • African Union (2012), “Press Release n°126/2012, AUC and China Sign Agreemnts in the area of peace and security”, Addis Ababa, 7 November 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • African Union (2015), “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want”, Addis Ababa, April 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • African Union Commission (2006), “Executive Summary of the Meeting of the Task Force on Africa’s Strategic Partnership with emerging powers: China, India and Brazil”, Addis Ababa, 11–13 September 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akokpari, J., A. Ndinga-Muvumba and T. Murithi (2009), The African Union and its Institutions, Johannesburg: Jacana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alden, C. and M. Schoeman (2015), “South Africa’s Symbolic Hegemony in Africa”, International Politics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 239–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alden, C. and E. Sidiropoulos (2009), “Africa-China-EU Cooperation in Africa, Prospects and Pitfalls”, Policy Notes, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, available at: http://www.nai.uu.se/publications/series/notes/PN-EU-0911.pdf

  • Alden, C. and M. Soko (2005), “South Africa’s Economic Relations with Africa: Hegemony and its Discontent”, Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 367–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alden, C. and Y.-S. Wu (2014), “South Africa and China: The Making of a Partnership”, SAIIA Occasional Paper, vol. 199, Johannesburg: South Africa Institute of International Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • AU and NEPAD (2011), “African Consensus and Position on Development Effectiveness”, African Union and New Partnership of Africa’s Development, Addis Ababa, 30 September 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, D. (2011), “The European Union and Africa: Trade Liberalisation, Constructive Disengagement, and the Securitisation of Europe’s External Frontiers”, Africa Review, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benabdallah, L. (2015), “What does the new comprehensive strategic co-operation mean for China-Africa relations?”, CCS Commentary, Stellenbosch: Centre for Chinese Studies (CCS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Besharati, N. A. (2013), “South African Development Partnership Agency: strategic aid or development packages for Africa?”, Research Report 12, Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff, P.-H., K. Aning and A. Acharya (2016), Africa in Global International Relations: Emerging Approaches to Theory and Practice, Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhler, W., A. Bösl, U. Gierczynski-Bocandé and A. Jacobs (2007), “Reaktionen aus Afrika zum AU-EU-Gipfel in Lissabon”, KAS Länderberichte, Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS), December 2007, available at: http://www.kas.de/wf/de/33.12642/

  • Bräutigam, D. (2009), The Dragon’s Gift. The Real Story of China in Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräutigam, D. (2011a), “Aid ‘with Chinese Characteristics’: Chinese Foreign Aid and Development Finance Meet the OECD-DAC Aid Regime”, Journal of International Development, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 613–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretheron, C. and J. Vogler (1999), The European Union as a Global Actor, London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. and S. Harman (2013), African Agency in International Politics, Oxon and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • CAITEC (2011), “China-Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2011”, Beijing: China-Africa Research Centre, Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carbone, M. (2007), The European Union and International Development – The Politics of Foreign Aid, London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carbone, M. (2011), “The European Union and China’s rise in Africa: Competing Visions, External Coherence and Trilateral Cooperation”, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 203–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castillejo, C. (2013), “Engaging China on development”, FRIDE Policy Brief n° 151, Madrid: FRIDE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Government (2011), Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Answers Questions from Domestic and Overseas Journalists on China’s Foreign Policy and External Relations, Press Conference, Beijing: Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 7 March 2011, available at: http://rw.china-embassy.org/eng/gnzyxw/t804437.htm

  • Chinese Government (2012), China’s Foreign Affairs 2012, Beijing: Department of Policy Planning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese State Council (2003), China’s EU Policy Paper, Beijing, 13 October 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese State Council (2005), White Paper on China’s Peaceful Development Road, Beijing, 22 December 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese State Council (2011), White Paper on China’s Foreign Aid, Beijing, 21 April 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese State Council (2014a), China’s Policy Paper on the EU: Deepen the China-EU Comprehensive Strategic Partnership for Mutual Benefit and Win-win Cooperation, Beijing, 2 April 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese State Council (2014b), White Paper on China’s Foreign Aid, Beijing, 10 July 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese State Council (2015), China’s Second Africa Policy Paper, Johannesburg: Second FOCAC summit, 4 December 2015, Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, T. J. (2015), The China Challenge: Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corkin, L. (2012), “Redefining Foreign Policy Impulses toward Africa: The Role of the MFA, the MOFCOM and China Exim Bank”, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 61–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of the EU (2009b), Joint Statement of the 12th EU-China Summit, Nanjing, 30 November 2009, 16845/09, PRESSE 353, Brussels, 30 November 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dejean de la Batie, H. (2003), “L’Union européenne vue de Chine: un partenaire majeur?”, Ifri Centre Asie Policy Paper 5, Paris: Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, T., J. Havnevik, M. Kaag and T. Oestigaard (2011), African Engagements: Africa Negotiating an Emerging Multipolar World, Leiden: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dlamini-Zuma, N. (2013), Welcome Remarks by HE Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma, Chairperson of the AUC, 24 January 2013, Addis Ababa: African Union Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchâtel, M., O. Bräuner and Z. Hang (2014), “Protecting China’s Overseas Interests: The Slow Shift away from Non-interference”, SIPRI Policy Paper 41, Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, U. and G. R. Olsen (2005), Africa and the North: Between Globalization and Marginalization, London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2008e), Report on the Public Consultation on the Communication of the European Commission on “The EU, Africa and China: Towards Trilateral Dialogue and Cooperation on Peace, Stability and Sustainable Development”, Brussels, 14.7.2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faber, G. and J. Orbie (2009), Beyond Market Access for Economic Development. EU-Africa Relations in Transition, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falletti, S. (2007b), “EU/Africa/China: Louis Michel postpones Beijing visit until 2008”, Europolitics, Brussels, 1 October 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fioramonti, L. (2009), “African Perceptions of the European Union: Assessing the Work of the EU in the Field of Democracy Promotion and Peacekeeping”, Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), available at: http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/loader.cfm?csmodule=security/getfile&pageid=35206

  • Foster, V., W. Butterfield, C. Chen and N. Pushak (2008), “Building Bridges: China’s Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa”, Trends and Policy Options No. 5, Washington D.C.: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fues, T. and P. Wolff (2010), G20 and Global Development – How can the New Summit Architecture Promote Pro-poor Growth and Sustainability?, Bonn: Deutsches Institute für Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (die).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A. (2001), “The Diplomatic Face of China’s Grand Strategy: A Rising Power’s Emerging Choice”, The China Quarterly, vol. 168, pp. 835–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of the Republic of South Africa (2011), White Paper on South Africa’s Foreign Policy: Building a Better World: The Diplomacy of Ubuntu, Pretoria, 13 May 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, S. (2011a), “Engaging with China in Africa – Trilateral Cooperation as an Option?”, EDC2020 Policy Brief No. 9, Bonn: European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, S. (2011b), “South Africa as a Development Partner in Africa”, EDC 2020 Policy Brief No. 11, Bonn: European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, S. (2012a), “The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) – Political rationale and functioning”, CCS Policy Briefing No. 7, May 2012, Stellenbosch: Centre for Chinese Studies (CCS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, S. and C. Hackenesch (2012), “European Engagement with Emerging Actors in Development: Forging New Partnerships?”, in S. Grimm, S. Gänzle and D. Makhan (eds.), The European Union: Enlightened Superpower in the Making, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, S., R. Rank, M. McDonald and E. Schickerling (2011), Transparency of Chinese Aid: An analysis of the published information on Chinese external financial flows, August 2011, Stellenbosch: Centre for Chinese Studies (CCS) and Publish What YouFund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, C. (2007), China’s strategic partnerships with Africa and the EU: How are these two partnerships compatible?, Speech, Conference “Partners in Competition? The EU, Africa and China”, Brussels, 28 June 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, S. (2005), “China: Globalization and its Diplomatic Structure and Process”, in J. Robertson and M. A. East (eds.), Diplomacy and Developing Nations: Post-Cold War foreign policy-making structures and process, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 114–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hempson-Jones, J. S. (2005), “The Evolution of China’s Engagement with International Governmental Organizations: Toward a Liberal Foreign Policy?”, Asian Survey, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 702–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, M. (2002), The European Union and the Third World, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, Z. (2012), “China’s Evolving Aid Landscape: Crossing The River By Feeling the Stones”, in C. Sachin, T. Fues and E. Sidiropulos (eds.), Development Cooperation and Emerging Powers: New Partners or old Patterns?, London and New York: Zed Books, pp. 134–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • House of Lords (2009), Stars and Dragons: The EU and China, Volume II: Evidence, European Union Committee, 7th Report of Session 2009–2010, Oral Evidence by Mr. Koen Dones, Mr Hervé Delphin and Ms Elena Peress, 6 May 2009, London: House of Lords, 23 March 2010, pp.121–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huliaras, A. and K. Magliveras (2008), “In Search of a Policy: EU and US Reactions to the Growing Chinese Presence in Africa”, European Foreign Affairs Review, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 399–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikome, F. (2010), “The Role and the Place of the African Union in the Emerging China-Africa Partnership”, in A. Harneit-Sievers, S. Marks and S. Naidu (eds.), Chinese and Africa Perspectives in Africa, Cape Town: Pambazuka Press, pp. 201–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobson, L. and D. Knox (2010), “New Foreign Policy Actors in China”, SIPRI Policy Paper 26, Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobson, L. and J. Wood (2012), “China’s Expanding Role in Africa and Implications for the EU”, in R. Vogt (ed.), Europe and China: Strategic Partners or Rivals?, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, pp. 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karbo, T. (2013), “The AU New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD): The Next 10 years”, in T. Murithi (ed.), Handbook of Africa’s International Relations, London: Routledge, pp. 62–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keijzer, N. (2011), “Offense is the Best Defense? The EU’s Past and Future Engagement in Promoting Effective Development Cooperation: Ideas for Busan”, Ecdpm Briefing Note 30, Maastricht: European Centre for Development Management (ecdpm).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, P., S. Harris and Q. Yaqing (2008), China’s “New” Diplomacy: Tactical or Fundamental Change? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotsopoulos, J. (2007), “The EU and Africa: Coming Together at Last?”, EPC Policy Brief, July 2007, Brussels: European Policy Centre (EPC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai, H. (2010), The Domestic Sources of China’s Foreign Policy: Regimes, Leadership, Priorities, and Process, London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, C. (2007), “The Chinese Aid System”, CGDEV Essay, Washington D.C.: Center for Global Development (CGDEV).

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, F. (2005), “China at the OECD”, OECD Observer, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanteigne, M. (2009), Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, A. (2011), “Africa: From “How Could” to “How Should” - the Possibility of Trilateral Cooperation”, Pamazuka News, Issue 539, 13 July 2011, http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/74884

  • Li, L. (2012), “China Keen to Cooperate with West in Africa”, People’s Daily Online, Beijing, 12 January 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X. and T. Bonschab (2012), “Nine Challenges for Trilateral Development Cooperation”, in J. Langendorf, N. Piefer, M. Knodt, U. Müller and L. Lazaro (eds.), Triangular Cooperation: A Guideline for Working in Practice, Baden-Baden: Nomos and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), pp. 185–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, G. (2007), “Speech by the Special Representative of the Chinese Government for African Affairs”, Conference “Partners in Competition? The EU, Africa and China”, Brussels, 28 June 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lum, T., H. Fischer, Julissa, Gomez-Granger and A. Leland (2009), China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia, Congressional Research Service Report, 25 February 2009, Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makinda, S. M., F. W. Okumu and D. Mickler (2015), The African Union: Addressing the Challenges of Peace, Security, and Governance, Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. L. (2008), “The CCP Central Committee’s Leading Small Groups”, China Leadership Monitor No. 26, Stanford, available at: http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/CLM26AM.pdf

  • Mohan, G. and B. Lampert (2013), “Negotiating China: Reinserting African Agency into China-Africa Relations”, African Affairs, vol. 112, no. 446, pp. 92–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murithi, T. (2013), Handbook of Africa’s International Relations, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEPAD (2001), The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), NEPAD Framework Document, Lusaka, July 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2002), China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges - Synthesis Report, Paris: OECD Publication Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2005b), OECD - China Co-Operation: The First Ten Years, Centre for Co-Operation with Non-Members (CCNM), Paris, November 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2007a), Council Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagement, C/MIN(2007)4/FINAL, Council at Ministerial Level, Paris, 16 May 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollet, I., H. Huyse, P. Li, S. Shomba and X. Zhang (2011), Neither Comfort, nor Conflict: The Co-habitation of Chinese and Belgian Aid in the D.R. Congo, Leuven: Research Institute for Work and Society (HIVA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rampa, F. and S. Bilal (2011), “Emerging Economies in Africa and the Development Effectiveness Debate”, Ecdpm Discussion Paper No. 107, Maastricht: European Centre for Development Management (ecdpm).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rana, K. S. (2007), Asian Diplomacy: The Foreign Ministries of China, India, Japan, Singapore, and Thailand, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press and Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccardi, F. (2007), “A Look Behind the News - Just a Few Weeks for EU and ACP States to Avoid Chaos”, Bulletin Quotidien Europe, Brussels, 1st December 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozman, G. (2012), China’s Foreign Policy: Who Makes It, And How is it Made?, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sicurelli, D. (2010b), “Regional Partners? Perceptions and Criticisms at the African Union”, in S. Lucarelli and L. Fioramonti (eds.), External Perceptions of the European Union as a Global Actor, New York: Routledge, pp. 180–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, A. K. (2012), “Trilateral Development Cooperation Between the European Union, China and Africa: What Prospects for South Africa?”, CCS Discussion Paper 4/2012, Stellenbosch: Centre for Chinese Studies (CCS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiger, J. and M. Rudyak (2012), “Text Box XVI: Regional Cooperation and Triangular Cooperation - Examples Involving China”, in J. Langendorf, N. Piefer, M. Knodt, U. Müller and L. Lazaro (eds.), Triangular Cooperation: A Guideline for Working in Practice, Baden-Baden: Nomos and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), pp. 167–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taneja, P. (2010), “China-Europe Relations: The Limits of Strategic Partnership”, International Politics, vol. 47, no. 3/4, pp. 371–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, I. (2010), The International Relations of Sub-Saharan Africa, New York and London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, I. (2011), The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tywuschik, V. (2007), “EU, China and Africa: A Trilateral Partnership in Theory, a Bilateral One in Practice?”, EU-Africa e-alert, ecdpm no. 9, Maastricht: European Centre for Development Management (ecdpm).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNCTAD (2010), Economic Development in Africa Report 2010, South-South Cooperation: Africa and the New Forms of Development Partnership, New York and Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadle, S. (2007), “Auf dem Weg zum EU-Afrika-Gipfel: Elemente einer strategischen Partnerschaft zwischen EU und Afrika”, SWP-Studie 2007/S28, Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikileaks (2010), “Cable 10BEIJING367: AFRICAN EMBASSIES SUSPICIOUS OF US-CHINA”, 11 February 2010, available at: https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10BEIJING367_a.html

  • Wissenbach, U. (2011), “The EU, China and Africa: Working for Functional Cooperation”, in J. Men and B. Barton (eds.), China and the European Union in Africa, Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 245–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, C. H. (2012), “Beyond European Conditionality and Chinese Non-Interference: Articulating EU-China-Africa Trilateral Relations”, in J. Wouters, T. d. W. d’Estmael, P. Defraigne and J.-C. Defraigne (eds.), China, the European Union and Global Governance, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 106–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, W. (2011), “Challenges and Opportunities in Development Cooperation between China and Traditional Donors in Africa”, Contemporary International Relations, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 46–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X. (2012), “Multipolarity and Multilateralism as International Norms: The Chinese and European Perspectives”, in Z. Pan (ed.), Conceptual Gaps in China-EU Relations: Global Governance, Human Rights and Strategic Partnerships, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 173–186.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, S. (2004), Chinese Foreign Policy: Pragmatism and Strategic Behavior, New York: M. E. Sharpe Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhongping, F. (2008), “A Chinese Perspective on China-European Relations”, in G. Grevi and A. De Vasconcelos (eds.), Partnerships for Effective Multilateralism: EU Relations with Brazil, China, India and Russia, Chaillot Paper No. 109, Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), pp. 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoellick, R. B. (2005), “Whiter China: From Membership to Responsibility?”, National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, New York, 21 September 2005, available at: http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/vol16no4.pdf

  • Zugui, G. (2008), “Constructive Involvement and Harmonious World. China’s Evolving Outlook on Sovereignty in the Twenty-first Century”, FES Briefing Paper 13, December 2008, Beijing: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium

    Anna Katharina Stahl

Authors
  1. Anna Katharina Stahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Stahl, A.K. (2018). Chinese and African Responses. In: EU-China-Africa Trilateral Relations in a Multipolar World. The European Union in International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58702-2_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation