Abstract
The first chapter offers an overview of the current transition towards a multipolar world order. It draws attention to recent economic and geopolitical shifts in international affairs and presents key notions of International Relations (IR) scholarship. In particular, the chapter tracks China’s unprecedented economic growth and more prominent geopolitical role in Africa, and its consequences for the European Union (EU). In addition to examining novel analytical concepts such as BRICS and rising powers, it identifies specific gaps in the current literature on EU foreign policy (EFP). Finally, the chapter exposes the new trend of trilateral relations between the EU, China and Africa.
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Notes
- 1.
On the Hunt–Lenox or Lenox Globe, dating from around 1510, the reference “HIC SVNT DRACONES” (i.e. hic sunt dracones/ “here are dragons”) was placed on Southeast Asia.
- 2.
In 2006, a recently discovered ancient map was unveiled in China and the UK. It provides new evidence for the voyages of exploration undertaken by the Chinese Ming Admiral Zheng He during the period between 1405 and 1435 (The Economist 2006).
- 3.
Although the concept of rising/emerging powers is central to understanding IR, the theoretical literature remains contentious and authors refer to different notions such as “new drivers of global change”, “emerging non-OECD countries” or “anchor countries”.
- 4.
The Republic of Rhodesia was an unrecognised state in southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territorial terms to present-day Zimbabwe. It was named after Cecil Rhodes, who was a British businessman and politician.
- 5.
It is important to note that unlike the EU China doesn’t make a clear distinction between development aid and economic relations. China’s development aid to African countries is closely linked to Chinese economic interests and the Chinese leadership therefore refers to a “win-win cooperation”.
- 6.
China’s current economic model is commonly referred to as a “socialist market economy”. The concept was introduced by Deng Xiaoping. Originally, the PRC’s economic system was characterised by a centrally planned economy. Since the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s, China’s economic model combines a dominant state-owned sector with an open market economy.
- 7.
As part of Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms, so-called Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were established in Chinese coastal cities in the 1980s. Unlike in the rest of China, in the SEZs market-driven capitalist policies were implemented in order to entice foreign businesses to invest in China.
- 8.
The PRC, commonly known as “China”, was established in 1949, controlling mainland China and the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
- 9.
Burking Faso and Swaziland remain Taiwan’s only diplomatic allies in Africa.
- 10.
According to the OECD DAC, financial flows qualify as ODA if (a) they are undertaken by official agencies, (b) with the aim of promoting economic development and welfare of developing countries and (c) have a concessional character.
- 11.
- 12.
See: Kitano, N. (2016), “Estimating China's Foriegn Aid II: 2014 Update”, JICA-RI Working Paper No. 131, June 2016, Tokyo: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Research Institute.
- 13.
These loans – also referred to as “preferential” or “soft” loans – are granted by the Chinese government on terms substantially more generous than market loans.
- 14.
1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. 2. Mutual non-aggression. 3. Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. 4. Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit. 5. Peaceful co-existence.
- 15.
1. Respect the principle of equality and mutual benefits. 2. Respect the sovereignty of recipient countries and never attach any conditions or ask for any privileges. 3. Provide economic aid in the form of interest-free or low-interest loans and extend the time limit for the repayment when necessary. 4. Help recipient countries embark step-by-step on the road of self-reliance and independent economic development. 5. Help recipient countries complete projects which require less investment but yield quick results. 6. Provide the best quality equipment and materials manufactured by China at international market prices. 7. Ensure that the personnel of the recipient country fully master the technology being transferred. 8. Chinese experts will have the same standard of living as the experts of the recipient country.
- 16.
Although the time frame of this research generally covers the period prior to 2009, this book also covers important changes of EU foreign policy following the entering into force of the Lisbon Treaty on the 1st of December 2009. In particular, the second case study outlined in Chapter 4 addresses the post-Lisbon structures of EU foreign policy.
- 17.
The exact starting and ending dates differ slightly in each of the three case studies examined in Chapters 4–6.
- 18.
Only those interviews carried out in Korea can be considered as rather marginal. They were conducted in the context of the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness held in Busan in November/December 2011. The evidence gathered in Korea largely contributed to the second case study, exposed in Chapter 4.
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Stahl, A.K. (2018). Introduction. In: EU-China-Africa Trilateral Relations in a Multipolar World. The European Union in International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58702-2_1
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