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Transference and Re(De)Placement and the Edge Towards a Postcolonial Conundrum

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Black Nationalist Thought in South Africa

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

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Abstract

This chapter is a follow-up to the previous one. Here, my analyses of the postapartheid South African are done through lenses of extended colonialism. Here, we refer to continued tentacles of colonialism despite the end of juridical and administrative colonialism. The “postcolonial” is a condition that is still mired and connected to colonial machinations; it is presently caught up in the vortex of the regressions of excesses of colonial rule and its attendant matrix of power, reification, a persisting racism, and exploitative and extractive relations of oppression. Colonial Africa is much more like postcolonial Africa, and its dynamics have continued to shape the contemporary societies. It is only when this message has been digested that we can establish what the real peculiarities of postcolonial Africa are.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ranger, Terence. 1996. Postscript. Colonial and Postcolonial Identities. In Richard Werbner and Terence Ranger, eds. Postcolonial Identities in Africa. London: Zed Books.

  2. 2.

    Ndebele, Njabulo. 2007. Fine Lines from the Box. Further Thoughts About Our Country. Johannesburg: Umuzi.

  3. 3.

    Ibid:219.

  4. 4.

    Ranciere, Jacques. 2007. The Future of the Image. Translated by Gregory Elliot. London: Verso. p6.

  5. 5.

    Ibid.

  6. 6.

    Waldmeir, Patti. 1997. Anatomy of a Miracle. New York: Penguin Books.

  7. 7.

    Ibid:64–5.

  8. 8.

    The visiting South African delegation consisted of Gavin Relly (Anglo-American), Zach de Beer (Anglo-American), Tony Bloom (Premier Group), Tertius Myburgh (Editor, Sunday Times), Harold Pakendorf (Editor, Die Vaderland), J.de L. Peter Sordor (Director, SA Foundation), Hugh Murray (Editor, Leadership SA), while the ANC delegation consisted of Oliver Tambo, Pallo Jordan, Mac Maharaj, Chris Hani, Thabo Mbeki and James Stuart.

  9. 9.

    Waldmeir, op cit.:197.

  10. 10.

    Ibid:252.

  11. 11.

    Fanon, Frantz. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grover Press, Inc; Ake, Claude. 1981. A Political Economy of Africa. New York: Longman; Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth and Tiffin, Helen, eds. 2007. Postcolonial Studies. The Key Concepts, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.

  12. 12.

    This resulted in the “sunset clauses” in the interim constitution, which were advocated by Joe Slovo (Mayibuye, March 1992).

  13. 13.

    Ndebele, op cit.

  14. 14.

    Murray, Martin J. 1994. Revolution Deferred. The Painful Birth of Post-Apartheid South Africa. London: Verso; Nefolovhodwe, Pandelani. “Azanian Peoples Organisation and Strategic Alignments.” Paper delivered at AZAYO Congress held at PE Technikon, 21–23 September 2001.

  15. 15.

    Andile Mngxitama has mentioned that in many forums. He argues that there is no way to confront white supremacy without going through the ANC, the bodyguard.

  16. 16.

    Haile Gerima, “Address to the SNI”, Durban, 23 September 2011.

  17. 17.

    Andile Mngxitama, “Fanon on Blackness.” WISER, University of the Witwatersrand, 31 May 2012.

  18. 18.

    Andile Mngxitama, “Fanon on Blackness.” WISER, University of the Witwatersrand, 31 May 2012.

  19. 19.

    Adam, Heribert, van Zyl Slabbert Frederick and Moodley, Kogila. 1997. Comrades in Business. Post Liberation Politics in South Africa. Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers. p167.

  20. 20.

    Waldmeir, op cit.:52.

  21. 21.

    Murray, op cit.:8.

  22. 22.

    Fanon, Frantz. 1961. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Constance Farrington. London: Penguin Books.

  23. 23.

    Nyerere, Julius Kambarage. 1968. Freedom and Socialism. Uhuru na Ujamaa. Selection from Writings and Speeches 1965–1967. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.

  24. 24.

    Bhabha, Homi K. 1994 [2004]. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge Classics.

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    Fanon, op cit.

  27. 27.

    Steve Biko during the testimony in the BPC–SASO Trial, 5 May 1976.

  28. 28.

    Nyerere, op cit.:27.

  29. 29.

    Ibid:28.

  30. 30.

    Chinweizu. 1987. Decolonising the African Mind. Lagos: Pero Books.

  31. 31.

    Haile Gerima, “Address to the SNI”, Durban, 23 September 2011.

  32. 32.

    Chinweizu, op cit.:353.

  33. 33.

    Ibid:356.

  34. 34.

    Memmi, Albert. 2006. Decolonisation and the Decolonised. Translated by Robert Bonnono. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

  35. 35.

    Cabral, Amilcar. 1979. Unity and Struggle: Speeches and Writings. London: Heinemann. p75.

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Ibid:34.

  40. 40.

    Fanon, op cit.:39.

  41. 41.

    Cabral, op cit.:134.

  42. 42.

    Wolpe, Harold. 1988. Race, Class and Apartheid State. London: James Currey. p61.

  43. 43.

    Nyerere, op cit.; Cabral, op cit.; Fanon op cit.

  44. 44.

    Cabral, op cit.:123; Nabudere, Dani Wadada. 1981. Imperialism and the Struggle for New Democracy Under Proletarian Leadership. Ikhwezi Number 18, October.

  45. 45.

    Strini Moodley interviewed by Naomi Klein, Ashwin Desai and Avi Lewis in 2008.

  46. 46.

    Fanon, op cit.; Cabral, op cit.

  47. 47.

    Cabral, op cit.:129.

  48. 48.

    Ake, op cit.; Werbner, Richard. 1996. Introduction. Multiple Identities, Plural Arenas. In Richard Werbner and Terrence Ranger, eds. Postcolonial Identities in Africa. London: Zed Books.

  49. 49.

    Dirlik, Arif. 1994. After the Revolution: Waking to Global Capitalism. Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press.

  50. 50.

    Trevor Manuel was chair of the IMF/World Bank board of governors in 1999–2000; chair of IMF/World Bank Development Committee in 2001–2002 and co-chair of the March 2002 UN Financing for Development Conference in Monterrey; Alec Erwin was president of Trade and Development in 1996–2000 and helped broker the November 2001 Doha deal.

  51. 51.

    Neville Alexander, “South Africa–An Unfinished Revolution?” Address at the 4th Strini Moodley Annual Memorial Lecture, 13 May 2010, University of KwaZulu-Natal.

  52. 52.

    Bond, Patrick. 2002. Fanon's Warning. A Civil Society Reader on the New Partnership for Africa's Development. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. p3.

  53. 53.

    A full page advert by Old Mutual properties about former cadres now in security business protecting Kagiso Mall, in the Mail and Guardian of 19–25 April 1996 reads: “When the Soviets taught us to be soldiers, they never thought we would one day use those skills to protect capitalists’, the remarkable story of former MK cadres who turned their hand to the peace and security business as told by Philemon Mamabolo.”

  54. 54.

    In 1995, Jayendra Naidoo, a former COSATU leader, was appointed executive director of NEDLAC, mandated to bring together state, capital and labour in separate chambers on the labour market, trade and public finance.

  55. 55.

    Adam, Heribert, Van Zyl Slabbert, Frederick and Moodley, Kogila, op cit.

  56. 56.

    Andile Mngxitama, post on Facebook, 5 May 2011.

  57. 57.

    Posts on Facebook by Mngxitama and others, 5 May 2011.

  58. 58.

    Post of Facebook, 24 May 2011.

  59. 59.

    Adam, Heribert, Van Zyl Slabbert, Frederick and Moodley, Kogila, op cit.

  60. 60.

    Isaac Mahlangu, “Moguls lock horns in record sale”, Sunday Times, 15 April 2012.

  61. 61.

    Cited in Saul, John. 2005. The Next Liberation Struggle. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy in Southern Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. p41.

  62. 62.

    Lesufi, Ishmael. 2006. NEPAD and South African Imperialism. Johannesburg: Jubilee South Africa.

  63. 63.

    SACP’s Blade Nzimande speaking at the ANC Policy Conference, Gallagher Estate, 26 June 2012.

  64. 64.

    ANC Discussion Document, “Second Transition.”

  65. 65.

    Adam, Heribert, Van Zyl Slabbert, Frederick and Moodley, Kogila, op cit.

  66. 66.

    Craig McKune and Sharda Naidoo “Iran Puts the Screws on MTN”, Mail and Guardian, April 5–12 2012.

  67. 67.

    ANC Discussion Document, “The Second Transition? Building a National Democratic Society and the Balance of Forces in 2012.”

  68. 68.

    Ibid.

  69. 69.

    Van der Waal, Kees. 2008. Development. In Nick Shepherd and Steven Robins, eds. New South African Keywords. Johannesburg: Jacana.

  70. 70.

    Greenberg, Stephen. 2004. Post-Apartheid Development, Landlessness and the Reproduction of Exclusion in South Africa. Centre for Civil Society, Research Report Number 17, Durban.

  71. 71.

    Ibid.

  72. 72.

    Sharda Naidoo, “Exploiting the New World Order”, Mail and Guardian, January 27–February 2 2012.

  73. 73.

    Blade Nzimande speaking at ANC Policy Conference, 26 June 2012, Gallagher Estate, Johannesburg.

  74. 74.

    President Zuma has always said political freedom must be accompanied by economic gains (SABC 7 pm news, 27 April 2011).

  75. 75.

    ANC Treasurer–General Matthews Phosa reassured the international business community in a speech at the Progressive Forum in London on the 22 May 2012. In contrast, NUMSA has been advocating for nationalization of mines and banks.

  76. 76.

    Achille Mbembe, addressing the “Debating the ANC Second Transition documents.” WISER, University of the Witwatersrand, 30 May 2012.

  77. 77.

    President Zuma speaking on ETV 7 pm news, 28 June 2012.

  78. 78.

    Achille Mbembe, addressing the “Debating the ANC Second Transition documents.” WISER, University of the Witwatersrand, 30 May 2012.

  79. 79.

    Commission for Employment Equity Annual Report 2011–2012.

  80. 80.

    Ann Crotty “Godsell Calls for Inquiry into Excessive Pay and Income Inequality.” Business Report, The Star, 21 May 2012.

  81. 81.

    StatsSA “Quarterly Labour Force Survey: Quarter 3 (July–September) 2011.

  82. 82.

    National Planning Commission “National Development Plan, 11 November 2011.

  83. 83.

    President Zuma, SABC 7 pm news, 27 April 2011.

  84. 84.

    President Zuma, SABC 7 pm news, 4 April 2011.

  85. 85.

    South African social welfare system gives R100 billion yearly to 15.2 million grant beneficiaries; child grants for those aged less than 18 years is 10 million and 2.5 million for those aged more than 60 years.

  86. 86.

    Memmi, op cit.; Williams, Patrick and Chrisman, Laura. 1993. Colonial Discourse Analysis and Postcolonial Theory. A Reader. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

  87. 87.

    Pastor Xola Skosana addressing the SNI Durban, 23–25 September 2011.

  88. 88.

    A contribution from the floor, during a meeting organized by DLF, Khanya College, April 2011.

  89. 89.

    Mngxitama addressing the “Alex to Sandton–Hell to Heaven March,”16 June 2011.

  90. 90.

    Andile Mngxitama, “Fanon on Blackness.” WISER, University of the Witwatersrand, 31 May 2012.

  91. 91.

    Amukelani Chauke and Charl du Plessis, “Poor Township Dwellers Demand a Better Life.” https://www.timeslive.co.za/article/poor-township-dwellers-demand-a-better-life. 9 May 2011.

  92. 92.

    Posts on Facebook, 9 May 2011.

  93. 93.

    Facebook post by Mngxitama, 23 May 2011.

  94. 94.

    Posts on Facebook, 23 May 2011.

  95. 95.

    Andile Mngxitama, “Fanon on Blackness.” WISER, University of the Witwatersrand, 31 May 2012.

  96. 96.

    Quoted in, “Protest March Expose Lies”, by Anna Majavu, Sowetan, April 7 2011.

  97. 97.

    Pastor Xola Skosana addressing an SNI forum.

  98. 98.

    Martin Prear “Neighbourly Lessons. Why is the Schooling System in Zimbabwe Still Outscoring the South African One?” Mail and Guardian, January 20–26 2012.

  99. 99.

    http://www.hpcsa.co.za/statistics.

  100. 100.

    Anina Minaar, “High Risk of Live Disease for Charlotte Maxeke Nurses”. Vuvuzela, April 20 2012.

  101. 101.

    Mia Malan “Medics Suffer High Exposure to TB” Mail and Guardian, March 30–April 4 2012.

  102. 102.

    “Whites die from heart attacks, blacks form TB: SAIRR.” http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/02/01/whites-die-from-heart-attacks-blacks-from-tb-sairr. February 1 2012.

  103. 103.

    It had the legislative mandate under Section 53 (2) of South African Police Act (1995) to investigate under its own authority any misconduct or offence allegedly committed by a member of police force; investigate any death in police custody or a result of police action.

  104. 104.

    Bheki Cele speaking on SABC 7pm news following the shooting of Janet Odendaal by police outside Kempton police station.

  105. 105.

    Bheki Cele speaking on SABC 7pm news, April 30 2011.

  106. 106.

    Matsimela Matsimela, provincial secretary of POPCRU, addressing a meeting organised by DLF at Khanya College, 17 April 2011.

  107. 107.

    A contribution from the floor during a DLF meeting on police brutality, Khanya College, 17 April 2011.

  108. 108.

    Mzilikazi Wa Afrika, Stephen Hofstatter and Rob Rose “We’ll Come Back and Kill You” Sunday Times, 26 February 2012.

  109. 109.

    Drew Forrest and Stefaans Brummer “Spies Bid for New Powers” Mail and Guardian, 3–9 February 2012.

  110. 110.

    Heidi Swart “The All Seeing Eye of South Africa’s Law Enforcers” Mail and Guardian, 14–20 October 2011.

  111. 111.

    Parliament Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence 2009–2010 Report.

  112. 112.

    Alexander, Neville. 2010. South Africa–An Unfinished Revolution? Address at the Fourth Strini Moodley Annual Memorial Lecture, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 13 May 2010.

  113. 113.

    Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from Prison Notebooks. Translated and edited by Quinton Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

  114. 114.

    Kunnie, Julian. 2000. Is Apartheid Really Dead? Pan-Africanist Working Class Critical Perspectives. Colorado: Westview Press. p ix; Ndebele, op cit.:81.

  115. 115.

    Chinweizu, op cit.

  116. 116.

    Lesufi, op cit.

  117. 117.

    Ranwedzi Nengwekhulu, “Black Consciousness Movement of South Africa.” Speech given to the Assembly of the IEUF held in Geneva, 22 November 1976.

  118. 118.

    Fanon, op cit.

  119. 119.

    Cited in S.T.M. Magagula, “Black Power.” n.d.

  120. 120.

    Lesufi, op cit.

  121. 121.

    Lenin, Vladimir Illych. 1970. Left Wing Communism, An Infantile Disorder. Peking: Foreign Languages Press.

  122. 122.

    Ibid:64.

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  1. University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa

    Hashi Kenneth Tafira

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Tafira, H.K. (2016). Transference and Re(De)Placement and the Edge Towards a Postcolonial Conundrum. In: Black Nationalist Thought in South Africa. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58650-6_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58650-6_11

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