Skip to main content

The Historical and Politico-Military Context of the Border

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees
  • 1781 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides the historical and socio-political contexts, the historical setting into which identities are constructed, indicating to examine the long-term root causes of displacement. In particular, it explores the ways in which ethnic difference has been manifested in pre-colonial and colonial history, and politicized the state-minority relationships in the post-independence modern day Burma/Myanmar . It attempts to unfold the power dynamics in Myanmar and situates various crises that led to the events of displacement and forced migration.

Every person born in any of the territories included within the Union, of parents both of whom are, or if they had been alive at the commencement of this Constitution would have been, citizens of the Union…

—The Constitution of the Union of Burma (1947, p. 2)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrar, Chowdhury R. 1995. Repatriation of Rohingya refugees. Colombo: Regional Consultation of Refugee.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2000. On the margin: Refugees, migrants and minorities. Dhaka: Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies [BIISS]. 2009. The Rohingyas: From stateless to refugee [Panel discussion], July 22. http://www.biiss.org/rohingya.pdf

  • Bhattacharya, Bisvesuar. 1927. Bengali influence in Arakan, Bengal past and present. Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society 33(65–66): 139–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, Terence R. 2000. The British humiliation of Burma. Bangkok: Orchid Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, Stephen. 2000. Through the jungle of death: A boy’s escape from wartime Burma. London: John Murray Publishers Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, Mary P. 2004. Making Myanmar’s: Language, territory, and belonging in post-socialist Burma. In Boundaries and belonging: States and societies in the struggle to shape identities and local practices, ed. J.S. Migdal, 99–120. New York: Cambridge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Charney, Michael W. 1998. Rise of a mainland trading state: Rahkaing under the early Mrauk-U Kings, c. 1430–1603. The Journal of Burma Studies 3: 1–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Costa, Bina. 2011. Nationbuilding, gender and war crimes in South Asia. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, Alan. 2001. East Asia imperilled: Transnational challenges to security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farzana, Kazi F. 2010. Identity formation and policies of exclusion and the ethnicisation of ‘minorities’ in Burma: A comparative study of Burmese policies towards the Rohingya, Karens and Shans. In Ethnic relations: Issues and challenges, ed. M.K. David, J. McLellan, N.Y. Meng, L.M. Li, and W.Y.M. Tien, 87–108. Kuala Lumpur: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundy-warr, Carl. 2004. The silence and violence of forced migration: The Myanmar-Thailand border. In International migration in Southeast Asia, ed. Aris Ananta and Evi N. Arifin, 228–272. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, Godfrey E. 1967. History of Burma: From the earliest times to 10 March 1824 the beginning of the English conquest. London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch [HRW]. 1996, September. Burma: The Rohingya Muslims: Ending a cycle of exodus? C809, pp. 16–21. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a84a2.html

  • Jilani, Ahmed F.K. 1999. The Rohingyas of Arakan: Their quest for justice. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, Enayetullah, and Shayan S. Khan. 2009. “Bangladesh forgets to Look East” [Issue name: The Burmese equation]. Dhaka Courier 26(14): 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S.M. 1936, July. Muslim intercourse with Burma. Islamic Culture 10: 416–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratoska, P.H., ed. 2002. Southeast Asian minorities in the wartime Japanese empire. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattern, W. 1978. Burma’s brand of apartheid. Far Eastern Economic Review, July 14, pp. 30–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscotti, A.D. 1977. Burma’s constitution and elections of 1974. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberoi, P. 2006. Exile and belonging: Refugees and state policy in South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peiris, D. 1978. Disturbance on the border of peace: The exodus reversed. Far Eastern Economic Review, May 19, p. 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phayre, A.P. 1967. History of Burma: Including Burma proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan. London: Susil Gupta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razzaq, A., and M. Haque. 1995. A tale of refugees: Rohingyas in Bangladesh. Dhaka: The Centre for Human Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serajuddin, A.M. 1986. Muslim influence in Arakan and the Muslim names of Arakanese Kings: A resentment. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 31(1): 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, Josef. 1981. Minority problems in Burma since 1962. In Military rule in Burma since 1962, ed. F.K. Lehman, 30–51. Singapore: Maruzen Asia Pte. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. 1994. Ethnic groups in Burma: Development, democracy and human rights. London: Anti-Slavery International.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1999. Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity. London: Zed Books Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Charles. 1992. Multiculturalism and “the politics of recognition”: An essay. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R.H. 2009. The State in Myanmar. Singapore: National University Singapore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Constitution of the Union of Burma. 1947. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/79573/85699/F1436085708/MMR79573.pdf https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/79573/85699/F1436085708/MMR79573.pdf

  • Tinker, H. 1957. The Union of Burma: A study of the first year of independence. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yegar, Moshe. 1972[1981]. The Muslim of Burma: A study of minority groups. Jerusalem: Hebrew University press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarni, Maung. 2013. Analysis of the report of Myanmar’s Official Rohingya Ethnic Cleansing Inquiry Commission. Unpublished paper.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Farzana, K.F. (2017). The Historical and Politico-Military Context of the Border. In: Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58360-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58360-4_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58619-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58360-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics