Abstract
On November 20, 2007, then-Senator Barack Obama addressed a crowd in Manchester, New Hampshire. At the time, he was locked in a three-way battle in the Democratic primary, behind Senator Hillary Clinton and not far ahead of former Senator Jonathan Edwards. The next day, Oprah would announce that she planned to campaign with Obama in three early primary states, a move that was to elevate his campaign to a new level.
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Notes
- 1.
Pierce v. Society of Sisters 268 U.S. 510 (1925): The original claim brought forth in Pierce stemmed from Oregon’s Compulsory Education Act of 1922 prohibiting parents from enrolling their children in any school that was not a public school, stemming from post–World War I feelings of xenophobia and nativism. This law in effect outlawed Catholic and all other private schools in the state of Oregon and led to separate lawsuits against Oregon Governor Walter Pierce from the Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary and Hill Military Academy. The Sisters who ran an orphanage and religious school alleged that the law infringed primarily on their First Amendment rights and secondarily on their Fourteenth Amendment Rights of property protection. Hill Military Academy sued separately from the Sisters and claimed the law violated their Fourteenth Amendment rights by preventing them from running a business. The schools won their suit in an Oregon District Court, which led to an immediate appeal to the US Supreme Court, which unanimously upheld the lower court’s decision and wrote in their decision that parents’ decisions to enroll their child in a private school is a liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Interestingly, the Court’s decision did not consider First Amendment implications of the Compulsory Education Law.
- 2.
Even so, some public-private partnerships remained. For example, since the mid-1800s, Maine and Vermont have funded “tuitioning” programs in which school districts without public schools pay student tuition at either public or private schools elsewhere, forerunners of today’s school voucher programs (Maddaus and Mirochnik 1992).
- 3.
In 2009 the total education expenditure (Local, State, and Federal) in the USA was over $600 billion.
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Maranto, R., McShane, M.Q., Rhinesmith, E. (2016). The Birth of the Education President: From Local Control to Common Core. In: Education Reform in the Obama Era. Education Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58212-6_1
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