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Beyond Trade Stagnation

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The EEC’s Yugoslav Policy in Cold War Europe, 1968-1980

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Abstract

This chapter describes EEC-Yugoslav relations as they developed from mid-1973 to 1975. The first ‘Oil Shock’ occurred in 1973, provoking a severe economic crisis in Western Europe and affecting the course of Yugoslavia’s trade relations with the Community. This chapter also highlights the ongoing low-profile contacts between the European Commission and Yugoslav officials, and the search for a new modus vivendi between them based on economic and financial cooperation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Tony Judt, Postwar. A History of Europe since 1945 (London: Heinemann, 2005), 453–483.

  2. 2.

    Eric Bussière and Ivo Maes, ‘Economic and monetary affairs: new challenges and ambitions’, in Éric Bussière, Vincent Dujardin, Michel Dumoulin, Piers Ludlow, Jan Willem Brouwer and Pierre Tilly (eds.), The European Commission 1973–1986: History and Memories of an Institution (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014), 301–311.

  3. 3.

    Laurence Badel and Eric Bussière (eds.), François-Xavier Ortoli: L’Europe, quel numéro de téléphone? (Paris: Descartes & Cie, 2011), 119–166.

  4. 4.

    Jean Monnet, Mémoires (Paris: Fayard, 1976), 590–591.

  5. 5.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/14, Report by DG VI on agricultural problems affecting EEC-Yugoslav relations, Brussels, 26 March 1974.

  6. 6.

    Michel Broders, ‘La crise du Marché de la viande bovine, origines et perspectives d’avenir’, Révue du Marché Commun, 185, 1975.

  7. 7.

    AJ, KPR, III-b-2-a, Report on the beef market, Belgrade, 14 March 1974.

  8. 8.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/14, Yugoslav memorandum to the EEC, Brussels, 26 February 1974.

  9. 9.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/14, Meeting of the EEC-Yugoslav Mixed Commission, Brussels, 5 April 1974.

  10. 10.

    AJ, KPR, III-b-2-a, Meeting between Bijedić and Soames, 29 April 1974.

  11. 11.

    ECHA, BAC 48/1984/662, Note by R. de Kergorlay, Brussels, 16 May 1974.

  12. 12.

    AMAE, SE 1971–1976, 3760, Note by P. Sebilleau, Belgrade, 1 May 1974.

  13. 13.

    ACS, FAM, 162, Meeting of the Council of Ministers (Agriculture), Brussels, 15–16 July 1974.

  14. 14.

    Official Journal of the European Communities, L 194/8.

  15. 15.

    TNA, FCO 30/2176, Meeting of the Council of Ministers (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 22–23 July 1974.

  16. 16.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/49, Meeting between Soames and the Yugoslav ambassador, Brussels, 23 July 1974.

  17. 17.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/49, Note by P. de Margerie, Brussels, 18 September 1974.

  18. 18.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/49, Note by R. de Kergorlay, Brussels, 14 October 1974.

  19. 19.

    George Stephen, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 71–106.

  20. 20.

    See Simonian Haig, The Privileged Partnership. FrancoGerman Relations in the European Community 1969–1984 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985); Miard-Delacroix Hélène, Partenaires de choix? Le chancelier Helmut Schmidt et la France (1974–1982) (Berne: PIE Peter Lang, 1993).

  21. 21.

    Claudia Hiepel, ‘Kissinger’s Year of Europe. A Challenge for the EEC and the Franco-German Relationship’, in Jean Van der Harst (ed.), Beyond the Customs Union: The European Community’s Quest for Deepening, Widening and Completion (Bruxelles-Paris-Baden-Baden: Bruylant-LGDJ-Nomos, 2007), 277–296.

  22. 22.

    Daniel Möckli, European Foreign Policy during the Cold War: Heath, Brandt, Pompidou and the Dream of Political Unity (London-New York: I.B. Tauris 2009), 140–183.

  23. 23.

    ECHA, BAC/48/1984/673, Meeting between Ortoli and Minić, Brussels, 25 November 1974.

  24. 24.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/15, Report on the Meeting of the EEC-Yugoslav Mixed Commission, Brussels, 4 February 1975.

  25. 25.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Report on the meeting of the EEC-Yugoslav Mixed Commission, Brussels, 4 June 1975.

  26. 26.

    ECHA, BAC 48/1984/662, Yugoslav Memorandum to the EEC, Brussels, 10 June 1975.

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    On EEC relations with COMECON and the People’s Republic of China, see Angela Romano, ‘Untying Cold War knots: the EEC and Eastern Europe in the long 1970s, Cold War History, 14/2, 2014, 153–173; Angela Romano and Federico Romero, ‘European socialist regimes facing globalisation and European co-operation: dilemmas and responses—Introduction’, European Review of History: Revue européenne d’histoire, 21/2, 2014, 157–164; Marie Julie Chenard, ‘Seeking Détente and Driving Integration: The European Community’s opening towards the People’s Republic of China, 1957–1978’, Journal of European Integration History, 18/1, 2012, 25–38.

  29. 29.

    Angela Romano, ‘Behind Closed Doors. Contacts between EEC and CMEA in the early 70s’, in Carla Meneguzzi Rostagni (ed.), The Helsinki Process: A Historical Reappraisal (Padova: CEDAM, 2005), 107–122.

  30. 30.

    Suvi Kansikas, ‘Acknowledging economic realities. The CMEA policy change vis-à-vis the European Community, 1970-3’, European Review of History, 21/2, 2014, 311–328.

  31. 31.

    Romano, ‘Behind Closed Doors’, 107–122.

  32. 32.

    Chenard, ‘Seeking Détente and Driving Integration’.

  33. 33.

    AMIP, PA, R, 1975, f 187 : b 45293, Note by P. Miljević, Brussels, 31 January 1975.

  34. 34.

    AMIP, PA, R, 1975, f 187: b 63, Note by P. Miljević, Brussels, undated.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/20, Report on Ortoli’s visit to Yugoslavia, Brussels, 19 June 1975.

  37. 37.

    AJ, KPR, III-b-2-a, Meeting between Bijedić and Ortoli, Belgrade, 13 June 1975.

  38. 38.

    AMIP, PA, R, 1975, f 188: b 432006, Report on Ortoli’s mission in Yugoslavia, Belgrade, 30 June 1975.

  39. 39.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Note by I. Nielsen, Brussels, 23 June 1975.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    TNA, FCO 30/2697, Letter by D. Stewart, Belgrade, 25 June 1975.

  42. 42.

    AMAE, SE 1971–1976, 3759, Note by P. Brien, Belgrade, 17 June 1975.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/20, Ortoli’s visit to Yugoslavia, Brussels, 19 June 1975.

  45. 45.

    TNA, FCO 30/2697, Letter by D. Stewart, Belgrade, 25 June 1975.

  46. 46.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Note by R. de Kergorlay, Brussels, 30 June 1975.

  47. 47.

    AMAE, SE 1971–1976, 3759, Report on the EEC-Yugoslav Mixed Commission at ministerial level, Brussels, 4 July 1975.

  48. 48.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Note by J. A. Fortescue, 1 July 1975.

  49. 49.

    Eirini Karamouzi, Greece, the EEC and the Cold War 1974–1979: The Second Enlargement (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 35–63.

  50. 50.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Report on the EEC-Yugoslav Mixed Commission at ministerial level, Brussels, 9 July 1975.

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Report on financial cooperation with Yugoslavia, Brussels, 23 June 1976.

  53. 53.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Meeting of COREPER, Brussels, 11 July 1975.

  54. 54.

    AMAE, SE 1971–1976, 3759, Telegram by J. M. Soutou, Brussels, 15 July 1975.

  55. 55.

    TNA, FCO 30/2697, Meeting of COREPER, Brussels, 11 July 1975.

  56. 56.

    See Elena Calandri, ‘A special relationship under strain: Turkey and the EEC, 1963–1976’, Journal of European Integration History, 15/1, 2009, 70–74.

  57. 57.

    TNA, FCO 30/2176, Report on the prospects for Yugoslav migrant workers in Western Europe, London, 26 July 74.

  58. 58.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Note by E. P. Wellenstein, Brussels, 16 July 1975.

  59. 59.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Note by I. Nielsen, Brussels, 17 July 1975.

  60. 60.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Preliminary meeting before the Council of 22 July 1975, Brussels, 21 July 1975.

  61. 61.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Meeting of the Council of Ministers (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 22 July 1975.

  62. 62.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/16, Draft minutes of the EEC-Yugoslav Mixed Commission, Brussels, 11 August 1975.

  63. 63.

    Ibid.

  64. 64.

    AMIP, PA, R, 1975, f 188: b 436810, Telegram by Miličević, Brussels, 26 July 1975.

  65. 65.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/47, Note by G. J. L. Avery, Brussels, 21 July 1975.

  66. 66.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/20, Note by C. Caporale, Brussels, 7 October 1975.

  67. 67.

    AAPBD, 1975, 330, Meeting between Genscher and Minić, 4 November 1975.

  68. 68.

    TNA, FCO 30/2698, Note by D. Stewart, Belgrade, 4 November 1975.

  69. 69.

    AMAE, SE 1971–1976, 3759, Telegram by J. M. Soutou, Brussels, 21 November 1975.

  70. 70.

    PAAA, B 42, Zwischenarchiv, 116722, Community briefing on Yugoslavia, Brussels, 29 October 1975.

  71. 71.

    Ibid.

  72. 72.

    See Zoran Janjetović, ‘Pitanje odštete žrtvama nacima u jugoslovensko-nemačkim odnosima posle Drugog svetskog rata’, in Hans-Heorg Fleck, Igor Graovac (eds.), Dijalog povijesničara/istoričara, 9, 2005, 551–570.

  73. 73.

    AAPBD, 1973, doc. 252, Note by E. Poensgen, 17 August 1973.

  74. 74.

    Bastian Hein, Die Westdeutschen und die Dritte Welt: Entwicklungspolitik und Entwicklungsdienste zwischen Reform und Revolte, 1959–1974 (München: Oldenburg, 2006), 260–261.

  75. 75.

    On EIB presence in the Mediterranean during the 1970s, see Éric Bussière, Michel Dumoulin and Émile Willaert (eds.), The Bank of the European Union. The EIB, 1958–2008 (Luxembourg: Imprimerie Centrale, 2008), 173–182.

  76. 76.

    TNA, FCO 30/2609, Council of Ministers (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 9 December 1975.

  77. 77.

    ECHA, BAC 250/1980/439, Note by K. Meyer, Brussels, 15 December 1975.

  78. 78.

    TNA, FCO 30/2698, Meeting of COREPER, Brussels, 27 November 1975.

  79. 79.

    TNA, FCO 30/2609, Council of Ministers (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 9 December 1975.

  80. 80.

    ECHA, BAC 250/1980/439, Council of Ministers (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 9–10 December 1975.

  81. 81.

    TNA, FCO 30/2698, Council of Ministers (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 9–10 December 1975.

  82. 82.

    TNA, FCO 30/2698, Council meeting (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 9–10 December 1975.

  83. 83.

    TNA, FCO 30/2698, Meeting of COREPER, Brussels, 11 December 1975.

  84. 84.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/21, Council of Ministers (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 20 January 1976.

  85. 85.

    The European Units of Account reflected the weighted average of the national currencies of the EEC member states. See ECHA, BAC 250/1980/442, European Bank of Investment, Informations, No. 4, February 1976.

  86. 86.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/21, Letter by G. Thorn, 30 January 1976.

  87. 87.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/21, Note by R. de Kergorlay, Brussels, 23 February 1976.

  88. 88.

    See TNA, FCO 98/116, Council of Ministers (Foreign Affairs), Brussels, 15–16 November 1976.

  89. 89.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/21, Record of Meeting between the Commission and the EIB on 27 February 1976, 1 March 1976.

  90. 90.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/21, Summary record of Meeting between members of the Commission and the Yugoslav Prime Minister, Brussels, 20 February 1976.

  91. 91.

    Ibid.

  92. 92.

    AJ, KPR, III-b-2-a, Report on Bijedić’s visit to Brussels, 19 February 1976.

  93. 93.

    TNA, FCO 98/36, Report on Bijedić’s visit to France, Belgium and Luxembourg, Belgrade, 26 February 1976.

  94. 94.

    TNA, FCO 98/36, Call by Smole to Hattersley, London, 25 February 1976.

  95. 95.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/21, Note by D. Hannay, Brussels, 5 March 1975.

  96. 96.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/19, Note by D. Hannay, Brussels, 4 June 1976.

  97. 97.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/17, Yugoslav draft protocol on economic and financial cooperation, Brussels, 25 June 1976.

  98. 98.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/17, Note by R. de Kergorlay, Brussels, 12 July 1976.

  99. 99.

    ECHA, BAC 97/1986/17, Note by D. Hannay, Brussels, 14 July 1976.

  100. 100.

    Ibid.

  101. 101.

    Ibid.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alcide De Gasperi Research Centre, European University Institute, Florence, Italy

    Benedetto Zaccaria

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Zaccaria, B. (2016). Beyond Trade Stagnation. In: The EEC’s Yugoslav Policy in Cold War Europe, 1968-1980. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57978-2_4

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