Abstract
The Demographics of Marginalized Children and Young People: Children in all circumstances deserve to be healthy, to be safe, and to have some level of opportunity for their future. We see in these marginalized demographics the absence of one or more of these basic rights. These four elements can provide a common platform of aspiration for all sectors. Who are these children lying outside the fabric of social protection and opportunity? Chapter 2 identifies the millions of children that fall outside the reach of any support system, including children in extreme poverty, those living on the streets, refugees and internally displaced children, and so on. Also examined are the basic conditions that can lead to marginalization, often grounded within a child’s first five years.
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Notes
- 1.
US Census Bureau, International Database, http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=20Results%20&T=13&A=aggregate&RT=0&Y=2014&R=1&C=
- 2.
UNICEF, “State of the World’s Children 2005: Children Under Threat,” 2005, http://www.unicef.org/sowc05/english/sowc05.pdf
- 3.
- 4.
UNICEF, “State of the World’s Children 2005: Children Under Threat,” 2005, http://www.unicef.org/sowc05/english/sowc05.pdf
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The UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME), 2013. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2013, UNICEF, New York, p. 1.
- 6.
These numbers provide a snapshot by category, but they do not provide a comprehensive or accurate total of all children who are marginalized or at risk. Many children are double- or triple-counted between categories, and many others, because they are truly invisible and beyond the reach of any counting, are missing altogether.
- 7.
In a definition provided by Sarah Thomas de Benitez for the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), a street-connected child is “a child for whom the street is a central reference point—one which plays a significant role in his/her everyday life and identity.” This term is used as an alternative to street children.
- 8.
UNICEF, 2013. Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and trends in birth registration, p. 14.
- 9.
UNICEF, 2013. Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and trends in birth registration, p. 6–7.
- 10.
- 11.
UNICEF, 2013. Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and trends in birth registration, p. 12–13.
- 12.
UNICEF, 2013. Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and trends in birth registration, p. 12–13.
- 13.
UNICEF, 2013. Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and trends in birth registration, p. 12–13.
- 14.
- 15.
UNICEF, 2013. Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and trends in birth registration, p. 12–13.
- 16.
UNICEF, 2013. Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and trends in birth registration, p. 12–13.
- 17.
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The UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME), 2013. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2013, UNICEF, New York, p. 12–13.
- 19.
UNICEF, 2013. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, Progress Report 2013, p. 3.
- 20.
UNICEF, 2013. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, Progress Report 2013, p. 3.
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UNICEF, 2013. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, Progress Report 2013, p. 24–25.
- 22.
Moni Basu, “India Beats the Odds, Beats Polio,” CNN, March 27, 2014.
- 23.
Donald McNeil, “Polio’s Return After Near Eradication Prompts a Global Health warning,” The New York Times, May 5, 2014.
- 24.
Donald McNeil, “A Milestone in Africa: No Polio Cases in a Year,” The New York Times, August 11, 2015.
- 25.
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- 26.
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- 28.
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- 30.
- 31.
UNICEF, “Improving Child Nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress,” 2013, p. 7–13.
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UNICEF, “Improving Child Nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress,” 2013, p. 7–13.
- 33.
- 34.
UNICEF, “Improving Child Nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress,” 2013, p. 7–13.
- 35.
UNICEF, 2013. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, Progress Report 2013, p. 30.
- 36.
UNICEF, 2013. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, Progress Report 2013, p. 30.
- 37.
UNICEF, 2013. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, Progress Report 2013, p. 29
- 38.
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- 41.
Poverty in this context is measured in relative terms as living below 50 % of a country’s median income level.
- 42.
Peter Adamson, “Measuring Child Poverty: New league tables of child poverty in the world’s rich countries,” Innocenti Report Card 10, UNICEF Innocenti Research Center, 2012, p. 3, referenced in: Knafo, Saki, 2012. “US Child Poverty Second Highest Among Developed Nations” Huffington Post, May 30 2012.
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- 44.
UNICEF, 2012. Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents, p. 13–14.
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UNICEF, 2012. Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents, p. 16.
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UNICEF, 2012. Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents, p. 13–14.
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- 48.
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UNICEF Orphan Estimates, 2013, cf. http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/opinion/international-adoption-tarikuwa-lemma-stolen-children/
- 50.
Thielman, N. et al. (2012). Correlates of Poor Health among Orphans and Abandoned Children in Less Wealthy Countries: The Importance of Caregiver Health. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38109.
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Mulheir, Georgette, CEO, Lumos, www.wearelumos.org/the-problem
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Kathryn Whetten et al., 2009. A Comparison of the Wellbeing of Orphans and Abandoned Children Ages 6–12 in Institutional and Community-Based Care Settings in 5 Less Wealthy Nations. PLoS ONE, Volume 4: Issue 12, December 2009; and Denise Grady, “Study Suggests Orphanages Are Not So Bad,” New York Times, December 18 2009.
- 53.
Denise Grady, “Study Suggests Orphanages Are Not So Bad,” New York Times, December 18 2009.
- 54.
Kerry Olsen et al., “From Faith to Action: Strengthening Family and Community Care for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Firelight Foundation, 2008, p. 2–3.
- 55.
Simon Antrobus, “Why Growing Up Without a Dad Can Store Up Future Problems,” The Guardian, May 21, 2012.
- 56.
Zadock Angira, “Hundreds of Children Under Four Live in Prison With Their Mothers,” Nairobi Daily Nation, February 21, 2012, http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Hundreds+of+children+live+in+prison+with+their+mothers+/−/1056/1332402/-/5qri99z/-/index.html
- 57.
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- 59.
Zadock Angira, “Hundreds of Children Under Four Live in Prison With Their Mothers,” Nairobi Daily Nation, February 21, 2012.
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- 61.
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- 63.
http://www.kidsdata.org/topic/20/fostercare/table#fmt=16&loc; cf. California Department of Social Services, http://www.cdss.ca.gov/cdssweb/PG59.htm
- 64.
Nicholas Bakalar, “Childhood: More Abuse Seen in Areas of Fiscal Stress,” New York Times, July 23, 2012.
- 65.
Meribah Knight, “Homeless Families in Illinois Walking a Hard Road,” NewYork Times, December 10, 2011.
- 66.
Craig Blankenhorn, “Young and Homeless, Sunday Review, New York Times, August 31, 2012.
- 67.
- 68.
Anand Giridharadas, Interview at Aspen Institute, Washington, DC, April 29, 2014 (David Brooks, interviewer): http://www.aspeninstitute.org/video/new-york-times-columnist-anand-giridharadas-his-new-book-true-american-david-brooks#
- 69.
Jake Silverstein, “Displaced: An Introduction”, New York Times Magazine, November 5, 2015.
- 70.
Patrick Boehler and Sergio Pecanha, “The Global Refugee Crisis, Region By Region”, New York Times, August 25, 2015.
- 71.
Jake Silverstein, “Displaced: An Introduction”, New York Times Magazine, November 5, 2015.
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Ajmera, M. (2016). Hiding in Plain Sight—Who Are These Children?. In: Invisible Children. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57838-9_2
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