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Islamism in Power

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Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran

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Abstract

Shariati’s Islamist ideology theorized an all-encompassing revolutionary leader(s) to whom the masses should have been obedient. Despite the fact that Shariati’s Islamist ideology remained silent regarding the nature of the post-revolutionary state and society, it rationalized Khomeini’s leadership in the 1979 Revolution. It also justified the insertion of the doctrine of Velayat-e Faqih in the Iranian constitution. In the post-revolutionary Iran, the advocates of the Islamist ideology took a critical approach toward this ideology and its political consequences. The former Islamists’ critical speeches and arguments in the fields of philosophy, theology, art, and politics challenged the homogenizing ideology of the state and the repressive practices of the state institutions. Post-Islamism signifies the efforts of former Islamists to revise their visions of truth and politics.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Daniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 180.

  2. 2.

    Emadoddin Baqi, Forudastan va faradastan: khaterat-e shafahi-ye enqelab eslami (Tehran: Jameeh-ye Iranian, 2000), p. 78.

  3. 3.

    Mohammad Quchani, Jomhuri-ye moqaddas boresh’hayi az tarikh-e jomhuri-ye eslami (Tehran: Naqsh-o Negar, 2002), p. 36.

  4. 4.

    Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini, p. 163.

  5. 5.

    Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 1985), p. 45.

  6. 6.

    Baqi, Forudastan va faradastan, p. 54.

  7. 7.

    Ibid., p. 86.

  8. 8.

    Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, p. 74.

  9. 9.

    Mohsen Kadivar, Daghdagheh’ha-ye hokumat-e dini (Tehran: Nashr-e Ney, 2000), p. 241.

  10. 10.

    Baqer Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), pp. 122–123.

  11. 11.

    Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, p. 23.

  12. 12.

    Mojtaba Mahdavi, One Bed and Two Dreams: Contentious Public Religion of Ayatollah Khomeini and Ali Shariati, Studies in Religion, Vol. 43 (1), pp. 27–29.

  13. 13.

    Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, p. 23.

  14. 14.

    Ibid., p. 24.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    Ibid., p. 25.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., p. 26.

  18. 18.

    Ibid., p. 29.

  19. 19.

    Ibid., p. 34.

  20. 20.

    Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Velayat-e Faqih (Tehran: Amirkabir, 1978), p. 20.

  21. 21.

    Ibid., p. 21.

  22. 22.

    Ibid., p. 29.

  23. 23.

    Ibid., p. 41.

  24. 24.

    Ibid., p. 42.

  25. 25.

    Ibid., pp. 52–53.

  26. 26.

    Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, p. 48.

  27. 27.

    Press conference with Ayatollah Khomeini, The Guardian, November 16, 1978, as quoted in Jalal Matini, “The Most Truthful Individual in Recent History,” Iranshenasi 14, No. 4 (Winter 2003).

  28. 28.

    Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Neda-ye Haqq: A Collection of Lectures and Interviews From 26.Okt.1978-20.Nov.1978 (Tehran: Qalam, 1978), pp. 41–42.

  29. 29.

    Ibid., p. 48.

  30. 30.

    Kadivar, Daghdagheh’ha-ye Hokumat-e Dini, p. 582.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., p. 584.

  32. 32.

    Khomeini, Neda-ye haqq, p. 95.

  33. 33.

    M.J. Fisher, Iran from Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 212.

  34. 34.

    Didier Eribon, Michel Foucault (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), p. 288.

  35. 35.

    Claire Briere & Pierre Blanchet, Iran: La révolution au nom de Dieu (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1979), p. 234.

  36. 36.

    Eribon, Michel Foucault, p. 287.

  37. 37.

    Mojtaba Mahdavi, Post-Islamist Trends in Postrevolutionary Iran, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 31, No. 1. 2011, pp. 105–106.

  38. 38.

    Reza Alijani, Bad fahmi-ye yek toujih-e namovvafaq: barrasi-ye tahlili-enteqadi-ye nazariyeh-ye “omat-emamat” doktor Shariati, http://rezaalijani.com/images/ketab/omat1.pdf, pp. 9–12

  39. 39.

    Abbas Shadlou, Ettelaati dar bareh-ye ahzab va jenah’ha-ye siyasi-ye Iran-e emruz (Tehran: Gostareh, 2000), pp. 243–244.

  40. 40.

    Mohsen Milani, Iran’s Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic (Oxford: Westview Press, 1994), p. 152.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., p. 153.

  42. 42.

    Ali Shariati, Khodsazi-ye enqelabi (Tehran: Entesharat-e Elham, 2000), pp. 18–19.

  43. 43.

    Naser Makarem Shirazi, Payan-e omre-e- marksism (Qom: Madrasat ol-emam Amir al-momenin, 1979), p. 11.

  44. 44.

    Ibid., p. 15.

  45. 45.

    Dilip Hiro, Iran under the Ayatollahs (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 117.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Ibid., p. 118.

  48. 48.

    Ibid., p. 160.

  49. 49.

    Sadeq Zibakalam, Daneshgah va enqelab: revayat-e bimehri’ha-ye enqelab beh daneshgah (Tehran: Ruzaneh, 2001), p. 87.

  50. 50.

    Ibid., p. 86.

  51. 51.

    M. Fatapur, Pasokhi beh Edea’ha-ye Soroush dar bareh-ye naqsh-e chap dar daneshgah’ha-ye Iran dar douran-e enqelab, www.Iran-emruz.com

  52. 52.

    Zibakalam, Daneshgah va Enqelab, p. 92.

  53. 53.

    Ibid., p. 84.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., p. 96.

  55. 55.

    Ibid., p. 107.

  56. 56.

    Ibid., p. 109.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., p. 112.

  58. 58.

    Ibid., p. 91.

  59. 59.

    Mehdi Moslem, Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2002), p. 48.

  60. 60.

    Ibid.

  61. 61.

    Ibid., p. 69.

  62. 62.

    Ibid., p. 49.

  63. 63.

    Ibid.

  64. 64.

    Ibid., p. 77.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., p. 76.

  66. 66.

    Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini, p. 129.

  67. 67.

    Ibid., p. 135.

  68. 68.

    Ibid., p. 139.

  69. 69.

    Quchani, Jomhuri-ye moqaddas, p. 69.

  70. 70.

    Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini, pp. 137–138.

  71. 71.

    Ibid., p. 139.

  72. 72.

    Ibid., pp. 144–145.

  73. 73.

    Quchani, Jomhuri-ye moqaddas, pp. 131–132.

  74. 74.

    Ibid., p. 133.

  75. 75.

    Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini, p. 167.

  76. 76.

    Ibid., p. 168.

  77. 77.

    Ibid., p. 178.

  78. 78.

    Ibid., p. 181.

  79. 79.

    Mahdavi, One Bed and Two Dreams: Contentious Public Religion of Ayatollah Khomeini and Ali Shariati, Studies in Religion, Vol. 43 (1), p. 48.

  80. 80.

    Abdolkarim Soroush, Siyasatnameh (Tehran: Sarat, 1999), p. 5.

  81. 81.

    Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini, p. 217.

  82. 82.

    Ali Reza Alavitabar, Roushanfekri, dindari, mardomsalari (Tehran: Farhang va Andisheh, 2000), pp. 123–136.

  83. 83.

    Rah-e Nou, No. 9 (June 1998): 20.

  84. 84.

    Hossein Bashiriyeh, Dibacheh’i bar jameeh’shenasi-ye siyasi-ye Iran: doureh-ye jomhuri-ye eslami (Tehran: Negah-e Moaser, 2002), p. 130.

  85. 85.

    Ibid., p. 135.

  86. 86.

    Ibid., p. 137.

  87. 87.

    Farhad Khosrokhavar, “Anthropology of Democratisation”, Critique, No. 16 (Spring 2000): 8.

  88. 88.

    Ibid., pp. 8–9.

  89. 89.

    For one of the earliest responses to the post-Islamist critique and Soroush’s critique in particular of Shariati’s thought see Reza Alijani, Ideolozhi alyh-e Ideolozhi (Tehran: Qalam, 2001)

  90. 90.

    Seyyed Reza Shakeri, Andisheh-ye siyasi-ye shariati va naqd-e shariatism (Tehran: Jahad-e Daneshgahi, 2003), pp. 261–265.

  91. 91.

    Ibid., p. 5.

  92. 92.

    Ibid., pp. 265–266.

  93. 93.

    Ibid., p. 266.

  94. 94.

    Bijan Abdolkarimi, Shariati va secularism, Quoted by Seyed Reza Shakeri, Andisheh-ye siyasi-ye shariati va naqd-e shariatism, pp. 224–225.

  95. 95.

    Bijan Abdolkarimi, Zarurat-e bazgasht beh Shariati, leyk na dar ofoq-e diruz, Maqalat-e Bijan Abdolkarimi, http://talar.shandel.info/Thread-

  96. 96.

    Ibid.

  97. 97.

    Bijan Abolkarimi, Padidar’shenasi-ye fahm va faratarikh, Maqalat-e Bijan Abdolkarimi, http://talar.shandel.info/Thread-

  98. 98.

    Bijan Abdolkarimi, Shariati va padidar’shenasi-ye tarikhi-ye din, Rooznameh Etemad, 29.12.1391.

  99. 99.

    Ibid.

  100. 100.

    Ibid.

  101. 101.

    Mojtaba Mahdavi, Post-Islamist Trends in Postrevolutionary Iran, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 31, No. 1. 2011. p. 102.

  102. 102.

    Ibid.

  103. 103.

    Ibid., p. 104.

  104. 104.

    Ibid., p. 105.

  105. 105.

    Louis Althusser, For Marx (London: New Left, 1969), p. 38.

  106. 106.

    Jacques Rancières, Altusser’s lesson (New York, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011), p. 55.

  107. 107.

    Reza Alijani, Ideolozhi Alyh-e Ideolozhi (Tehran: Qalam, 2001), p. 9.

  108. 108.

    Ibid., pp. 156–160.

  109. 109.

    Ibid., p. 165.

  110. 110.

    Ibid., p. 215

  111. 111.

    Ibid., p. 189

  112. 112.

    See, for example, Karl Marx, On the Jewish Question, in David McLellan (ed), Karl Marx: Selected Writings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.

  113. 113.

    Alijani, Ideolozhi alyh-e Ideolozhi, p. 188.

  114. 114.

    Alijani, Ideolozhi alyh-e Ideolozh, pp. 188–189.

  115. 115.

    Ali Shariati, Neveshteh’ha-ye asasi-ye Shariati beh kushesh-e Bijan Abdolkarimi (Tehran: Naqd-e Farhang, 2014), pp. 248–249.

  116. 116.

    Reza Alijani, Fahm-e yek toujih-e namovvafaq: barrasi-ye tahlili-enteqadi-ye nazariyeh-ye “omat-emamat” doktor Shariati, http://rezaalijani.com/images/ketab/omat1.pdf, p. 64.

  117. 117.

    Alijani, Fahm-e yek toujih-e namovvafaq, p. 6.

  118. 118.

    Ibid., p. 6.

  119. 119.

    Ibid., p. 40.

  120. 120.

    Ibid., p. 45.

  121. 121.

    Ehsan Shariati, Man Shariati ra ba shart va shorut mipaziram. http://talar.shandel.info/Thread-

  122. 122.

    Sara Shariati, Mafhum-e azadi dar asar-e Shariati, Matn-e sohbat dar bonyad-e Shariati, June 2014, http://sarahshariati.blogspot.no/

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cultural Studies and Orien, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Yadullah Shahibzadeh

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Shahibzadeh, Y. (2016). Islamism in Power. In: Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57825-9_4

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