Abstract
Shariati’s intellectual activity is focused on the construction of an Islamist revolutionary ideology, a universal theory of intellectual, political, and social emancipation. Shariati considered his Islamist ideology more inclusive than any other emancipatory ideology. Contrary to Al-e Ahmad, Shariati did not yearn for democratic changes within the existing political order. He did not promote a political alliance between the secular intellectuals and the clergy. Shariati did not want the intellectuals to advocate constitutional democracy and did not see the clergy as the representatives of the masses. He argued that only through a transformation of the institutionalized Islam into a revolutionary ideology, the intellectuals could impose their discursive hegemony on the masses. For Shariati, this Islamist ideology would generate in the future true democracy and the total man.
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Notes
- 1.
Hamid Dabashi, Theology of discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran (New York: New York University Press, 1993), p. 41.
- 2.
Hamid Dabashi, The End of Islamic Ideology, http://www.drsoroush.com/English/On_DrSoroush/E-CMO-20000600-The_End_of_Islamic_Ideology-Hamid_Dabashi.html
- 3.
Dabashi, Theology of Discontent, p. 5.
- 4.
Ibid., p. 104.
- 5.
Mojtaba Mahdavi, One Bed and Two Dreams: Contentious Public Religion of Ayatollah Khomeini and Ali Shariati, Studies in Religion, Vol. 43 (1), pp. 38–39.
- 6.
Mahdavi, One Bed and Two Dreams: Contentious Public Religion of Ayatollah Khomeini and Ali Shariati, Studies in Religion, Vol. 43 (1), p. 41.
- 7.
Ali Shariati, Ma va eqbal, Collected works (Vol. 5) (Tehran: Entesharat-e Elham, 2011), p. 148.
- 8.
Dabashi, Theology of Discontent, p. 119.
- 9.
Mahdavi, One Bed and Two Dreams: Studies in Religion, Vol. 43 (1), p. 43.
- 10.
Even a detailed work of a biography such as Ali Rahnama’s An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari’ati (2000), does not discuss this obvious fact.
- 11.
Dabashi, Theology of Discontent, p. 130
- 12.
Ehsan Shariati, Bishtar Salman bud ta Abuzar, (1), http://talar.shandel.info/Thread-
- 13.
Abrahamian, Radical Islam, p. 108.
- 14.
Ibid., pp. 107–108.
- 15.
George Lichtheim, Marxism in Modern France (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), p. 105.
- 16.
Ali Shariati, Bazgasht (Tehran: Qalam, 2000), p. 208.
- 17.
Pouran Shariat-Razavi, Tarhi az yek zendegi (Tehran: Chapakhsh, 1995), p. 94.
- 18.
Ibid., p. 124.
- 19.
Ibid., p. 10.
- 20.
Ali Shariati, Eslam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)] (Tehran: Qalam, 2000), p. 180.
- 21.
Ibid., p. 172.
- 22.
Dabashi, The End of Islamic Ideology, http://www.drsoroush.com/English/On_DrSoroush/E-CMO-20000600-The_End_of_Islamic_Ideology-Hamid_Dabashi.html
- 23.
Ali Shariati, Bazgasht (Tehran: Qalam, 2000), pp. 208–209.
- 24.
Benedetto Fontana, Hegemony & Power, On the Relation between Gramsci and Machiavelli (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), p. 148.
- 25.
Ali Shariati, Neveshteh’ha-ye asasi-ye Shariati beh kushesh-e Bijan Abdolkarimi (Tehran: Naqd-e Farhang, 2014), p. 241.
- 26.
Ali Shariati, Ma va eqbal, p. 131.
- 27.
Ali Shariati, Eslam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], p. 62.
- 28.
Abrahamian, Radical Islam, p. 111.
- 29.
Ali Shariati, Ommat va emamat (n.d.), p. 193.
- 30.
Abrahamian, Radical Islam, p. 112.
- 31.
Ali Shariati, Man and Islam (Mashhad: University of Mashhad, 1982), pp. 112–113.
- 32.
Abrahamian, Radical Islam, p. 113.
- 33.
Jean Paul Sartre, Between Existentialism and Marxism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1975), p. 253.
- 34.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], p. 362.
- 35.
Ibid., p. 369.
- 36.
Ali Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (2),] (Tehran: Qalam, 2000), p. 166.
- 37.
Abrahamian, Radical Islam, p. 113.
- 38.
Shariati, Neveshteh’ha-ye asasi-ye Shariati beh kushesh-e Bijan Abdolkarimi, p. 248.
- 39.
Mehrzad Boroujerdi: Iranian Intellectuals and the Wes: the Tormented Triumph of Nativism (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1996), p. 112.
- 40.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], pp. 195–196.
- 41.
Shariati, Bazgasht, p. 11.
- 42.
Ibid., pp. 27–28.
- 43.
Ibid., p. 30.
- 44.
Ibid., p. 32.
- 45.
Ibid., pp. 85–86.
- 46.
Ibid., p. 254.
- 47.
Ibid.
- 48.
Ali Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (3)] (Tehran: Qalam, 2000), p. 25.
- 49.
Bijan Abdolkarimi, Naqdi bar qaraat-e postmodern az Shariati, Majeleh-ye elmi-pazhouheshi-ye daneshkadeh-ye olum-e ensani daneshgah-e Isfahan, doureh-ye dovvom shomareh-ye chehl-o sheshom, paiyz 85/fall 2006, p. 68.
- 50.
Ibid., pp. 71–72
- 51.
Ibid, p. 75.
- 52.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (3)], pp. 71–72.
- 53.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (2)], p. 107.
- 54.
Ali M. Ansari, The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 189.
- 55.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (2)], p. 156.
- 56.
Ali Shariati, Jahanbini va ideolozhi (Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye enteshar, 2000), pp. 170–172.
- 57.
Shariati, Islams’henasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], pp. 70–71.
- 58.
Abrahamian, Radical Islam, p. 119.
- 59.
Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism, p. 69.
- 60.
Rahnama, Ali Shariati, pp. 503–504.
- 61.
Morteza Motahhari, Piramun-e enqelab-e eslami (Tehran: Sadra, 1979), p. 75.
- 62.
Morteza Motahhari, Emamat va rahbari (Tehran: Sadra, 2000), pp. 55–56.
- 63.
Ibid., p. 95.
- 64.
Ibid., p. 71.
- 65.
Ali Shariati, Jahatgiri-ye tabaqati-ye eslam (Tehran: Qalam, 1999), pp. 100–105.
- 66.
Ibid., pp. 100–105.
- 67.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (2)], p. 183.
- 68.
Ibid., p. 190.
- 69.
Ibid., pp. 188–189.
- 70.
Ibid., p. 199.
- 71.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], p. 356.
- 72.
Ibid., p. 358.
- 73.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (2)], p. 63.
- 74.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (3)], p. 147.
- 75.
Ali Shariati, Jahanbini va ideolozhi, p. 13.
- 76.
Ibid., p. 143.
- 77.
Ibid., p. 142.
- 78.
Ibid., p. 143.
- 79.
Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Luis Bonaparte (http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ch01.htm#1.1)
- 80.
Shariati, Bazgasht, pp. 201–202.
- 81.
Ibid., pp. 223–224.
- 82.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (2)], p. 224.
- 83.
Ibid., pp. 261–262.
- 84.
Ibid., pp. 223–224.
- 85.
Ibid., pp. 264–265.
- 86.
Ibid., p. 226.
- 87.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (3)], p. 222.
- 88.
Ibid., p. 223.
- 89.
Ibid., p. 239.
- 90.
Michel Foucault, The Order of Things (New York: Vintage, 1994), p. 241.
- 91.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (3)], p. 241.
- 92.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (2)], p. 4.
- 93.
Ibid.
- 94.
Ibid., pp. 16–17.
- 95.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], p. 54.
- 96.
Ibid., p. 73.
- 97.
Ibid., p. 39.
- 98.
Ibid., p. 144.
- 99.
Ibid., p. 45.
- 100.
Ibid., p. 46. In a footnote Shariati reminds us that the terms he uses here have nothing to do with metaphysical discourses, especially with what is known as Hekmat and theoretical mysticism.
- 101.
Ibid., p. 47.
- 102.
Ibid., p. 236.
- 103.
Ibid., p. 237.
- 104.
Ibid., p. 239.
- 105.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (2)], p. 175.
- 106.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Mashhad University Lectures] (Tehran: Chapakhsh, 2002), p. 13.
- 107.
Ibid., p. 27.
- 108.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], p. 11.
- 109.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], pp. 31–32.
- 110.
Plato, Republic; Book VI.
- 111.
Leo Strauss, Farabi’s Plato, American Academy for Jewish Research, Louis Ginzberg: Jubilee Volume; 1945, p. 361.
- 112.
Ibid, p. 378.
- 113.
Ibid, p. 379.
- 114.
Reza Davari Erdakani, Farabi (Tehran: Tarh-e Nou, 1995), p. 157.
- 115.
Ibid, pp. 160–161.
- 116.
Ibid., pp. 158–160.
- 117.
Ibid., pp. 166–167.
- 118.
Ibid., pp. 170–171.
- 119.
Ibid., p. 182.
- 120.
Ibid., pp. 183–186.
- 121.
Gholamreza Avani, Asghar Dadbeh, Hasan Badanj, Ensan-e kamel beh revayat-e Ibn Arabi, Faslnameh Andisheh-ye dini daneshgah Shiraz, Shomareh-ye 34 Bahar 1389 (Spring 2010), pp. 136–137.
- 122.
Ibid, p. 138.
- 123.
ibid, pp. 40–41
- 124.
Ibid., pp. 151–153.
- 125.
Ibid., pp. 154–155.
- 126.
Eugene Gogol, Toward a Dialectic of Philosophy and Organization (Leiden: Brill, 2012), p. 184.
- 127.
Shariati, Neveshteh’ha-ye asasi-ye Shariati beh kushesh-e Bijan Abdolkarimi, p. 249.
- 128.
Cheryl Benard & Zalmay Khalilzad, The Government of God: Iran’s Islamic Republic (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 45.
- 129.
Shariati, Bazgasht, p. 290.
- 130.
Ibid., p. 339.
- 131.
Ali Shariati, Doktor Shariati majmueh-ye asar (26):ommat va emamat (Tehran: Nashr-e Amun, 2014), pp. 343–344.
- 132.
Ibid., pp. 348–349.
- 133.
Shariati, Islam’shenasi [Ershad Lectures (1)], p. 72.
- 134.
Ali Shariati, Doktor Shariati majmueh-ye asar, (26), p. 342.
- 135.
Ibid., p. 341.
- 136.
Ibid., p. 433.
- 137.
Ibid., p. 342.
- 138.
Ibid., p. 361.
- 139.
Ibid., p. 360.
- 140.
Ibid., pp. 360–361.
- 141.
Ibid., p. 364.
- 142.
Ibid., p. 373.
- 143.
Dabashi, Theology of Discontent, p. 145.
- 144.
Ehsan Shariati, Man Shariati ra ba shart va shorut mipaziram. http://talar.shandel.info/Thread-
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Shahibzadeh, Y. (2016). Islamist Totalism. In: Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57825-9_3
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