Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the three major reforms CAP has undergone from the beginning of the 2000s. The first part of the chapter analyses the ‘Fischler reform’ of 2003, which ‘decoupled’ support from production, meaning that farmers were no longer required to produce. The reform took place in the context of the Doha Development Round (DDR) of trade negotiations, post-enlargement financing agreement and the introduction of new policy objectives such as environmental concerns and rural development. The reform also took place in the context of changed EU decision-making institutions relevant to CAP. The second part of the chapter focuses on the 2008 ‘Health Check’ reform, being an extension of the 2003 reform. The third part of the chapter analyses the 2013 reform defining CAP until 2020, which introduced area-based supports conditional on new environmental actions.
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Notes
- 1.
At the time, only one species of GM corn, mainly used as feed, was allowed to be grown in the EU.
- 2.
The bulk of the CEECs’ import consisted of ‘leftovers’ from the EU’s agricultural and food production.
- 3.
The ideas regarding reallocation of CAP funds were reflected in the ‘Sapir Report’ and ‘Lisbon Strategy’, being influential documents at the time.
- 4.
Admitting that direct payments ‘were not included in the calculation of the enlargement costs’, the Commission (2002a) argued that Agenda 2000 ‘did not exclude’ their extension to new members.
- 5.
The most common biofuels are bioethanol and biodiesel. First-generation bioethanol is made from sugar cane, sugar beet and starch grains (such as barley, sorghum and rye), while first-generation biodiesel is made from oilseeds (such as sunflower, palm and rapeseed).
- 6.
One study asked farm producers in the UK, Portugal and Germany what they would do if all their payments rights had been transferred into bonds. Most of the producers responded that they would continue to produce (Swinbank and Tranter 2004).
- 7.
Pascal Lamy was appointed before Chirac’s government took office.
- 8.
Negotiations on CAP reform took place during the Greek presidency, giving conservatives a certain advantage.
- 9.
Direct financial support could strengthen the tendencies of pro-cyclical behaviour, leading to pressures for more supports in the future (Olper 2008, 95–97).
- 10.
The G-20 had many names, such as G-21, G-22, G-23, G-20+, reflecting non-permanent membership. Members included all South American countries and Mexico, several African countries, India, China and certain other East Asian countries. The group represented 50 % of the world population, 70 % of the agricultural population, 21 % of agricultural GDP and 26 % of agricultural export (Baracuhy 2011, 349–352). Their position was coordinated by Brazil from Geneva.
- 11.
Trade disputes between the USA and EU on biotechnological issues remained open.
- 12.
In 2005, the USA reported amber box supports of US$10,404 million and green box supports of US$57,763 million. In the period 2003–2004, the EU reported amber box supports of €30,880 million, blue box supports of €24,782 million and green box supports of €22,074 million (Bos 2010, 93). This was before the implementation of the 2003–2004 reforms.
- 13.
In new member states, purchases of agricultural lands by foreigners were temporarily constrained.
- 14.
According to Jongeneel and Brand (2010, 199–200), farmers were ready to apply standards on a voluntary basis in exchange for certificates, meaning that their costs could be transferred to consumers.
- 15.
The Commission initially proposed more substantial reductions in order to make target reductions more acceptable.
- 16.
The 2008 European Court of Auditors report on cross-compliance warned against serious issues with the monitoring system. Not one single violation was established out of more than 10,000 inspections of bird and natural reserve directives implementation that took place in four countries over the period of two years.
- 17.
Female respondents to the Commission’s inquiry were outnumbered by males by a factor of more than two to one.
- 18.
Some of the funds were ‘outside’ of the budget headings.
- 19.
To begin with, existing statistical information on farm household incomes was insufficient.
- 20.
While direct payments rights were nominal, rural development programmes depended on current prices, meaning that they were affected by inflation.
- 21.
The vote on market measures was close.
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Lovec, M. (2016). Towards New CAP Objectives. In: The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy Reforms. Central and Eastern European Perspectives on International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57278-3_6
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