‘Deputy Prime Minister’ Under Heath

Theakston, Kevin; Connelly, Philip

doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57159-5_6

Kevin Theakston⁴ &
Philip Connelly⁵

Part of the book series: Understanding Governance ((TRG))

165 Accesses

Abstract

The dominant Whitehall figure during the Heath administration, Armstrong’s role developed into something akin to a Chief of Staff or Permanent Secretary to the Prime Minister. Controversially, he became, for a civil servant, unusually closely personally identified with Heath’s policies. Put in charge of the major industrial policy initiative (the ‘U-turn’) of 1972, Armstrong was also at the centre of the government’s incomes policy strategy and machinery, 1972–74, including the struggle with the National Union of Mineworkers that led to the fall of the government.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

eBook: USD 16.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 109.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Graham Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’, Sunday Telegraph, 1 May 1977.
2.
Michael David Kandiah (ed), ‘The Heath Government: Witness Seminar’, Contemporary Record, vol. 9, no. 1 (1995), p. 212; interview with former permanent secretary (KT).
3.
Interview with former minister (KT).
4.
John Campbell, Edward Heath (London: Jonathan Cape, 1993), p. 491.
5.
Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1998), pp. 317, 353; Edward Heath, ‘Armstrong, William’, in Lord Blake and C.S. Nicholls (eds), The Dictionary of National Biography 1971–1980 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 18–20.
6.
Hunt to Bancroft , 23 May 1978, NA CAB 164/1515.
7.
Martin Holmes, The Failure of the Heath Government, second edition (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 130–131.
8.
Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 58.
9.
Hugo Young , The Hugo Young Papers, (ed) Ion Trewin (London: Allen Lane, 2008), p. 87.
10.
Interview with Peter Armstrong (PC).
11.
William Waldegrave, quoted in The Hugo Young Papers, p. 82.
12.
Transcript, ‘Who Ruled Britain in 1973—With the benefit of hindsight?’, ITV, 15 March 1978 (Armstrong papers).
13.
Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 165.
14.
‘Talk by Mr Edward Heath at Swinton College weekend course on the machinery of government’, November 1964, Boyle papers, MS.660/23778, Brotherton Library, University of Leeds.
15.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 24.
16.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 66; Note of a conversation between the Prime Minister and Lord Armstrong, 26 October 1977, NA PREM 16/1658.
17.
Robert Shepherd, Iain Macleod (London: Hutchinson, 1994), pp. 537–542; Campbell, Heath, pp. 302–303.
18.
Sir William Armstrong, Some Practical Problems in Demand Management, Stamp Memorial Lecture 1968, (University of London: The Athlone Press, 1969).
19.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 38.
20.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 66.
21.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 96.
22.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, pp. 123, 131.
23.
Hennessy, Whitehall, p. 237; interview with former permanent secretary (KT).
24.
Minutes of a meeting held at 10 Downing Street, 19 April 1971, NA PREM 15/611.
25.
Hennessy, Whitehall, p. 219.
26.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, pp. 38, 96.
27.
See: Sir Alec Cairncross, ‘The Heath government and the British economy’, and Robert Taylor, ‘The Heath government, industrial policy and the “new capitalism”’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds), The Heath Government 1970–74: A Reappraisal (London: Longman, 1996), pp. 107–159.
28.
ES (71) 6th meeting, 5 May 1971, NA CAB 134/3387.
29.
See: B. Trend to Prime Minister, 27 October 1971, and Lord Rothschild to Prime Minister, 21 October 1971, NA BA 6/12.
30.
Donald MacDougall , Don and Mandarin: Memoirs of an Economist (London: John Murray, 1987), pp. 188–189.
31.
Heath to Chancellor of Exchequer, 18 November 1971, NA BA 6/1; Ministerial Committee on Economic Strategy, ES (71) 23rd meeting, 22 November 1971, NA BA 6/2.
32.
B. Trend to Prime Minister, 29 June 1971; J. Chilcot, note for the record, 9 September 1971; R. Armstrong to J. Chilcot, 13 September 1971; B. Trend draft note on economic policy, 5 October 1971, NA BA 6/55.
33.
Interview with Sir John Chilcot (PA).
34.
See: NA CAB 134/3495.
35.
Nield to Armstrong, 7 December 1971, NA BA 6/3.
36.
Heath, The Course of My Life, pp. 465–466.
37.
Peter Le Cheminant, Beautiful Ambiguities: An Inside View of the Heart of Government (London: The Radcliffe Press, 2001), p. 129.
38.
M.A. Cowdy, Note for the record, 26 November 1971, NA BA 6/2; Leo Pliatzky, Getting and Spending (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), p. 109; MacDougall, Don and Mandarin, p. 189.
39.
Philip Ziegler, Edward Heath (London: Harper Press, 2010), pp. 347, 356.
40.
Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London: Michael Joseph, 1985), p. 82.
41.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 165.
42.
Note of discussions at Chequers on Saturday 4 December 1971, NA BA 6/3.
43.
Notes for the record: Notes of discussions at Chequers on the evening of 3 January 1972, NA BA 6/4.
44.
Report on the Modernisation and Expansion of Industry, ES (72) 1, 14 January 1971, para 24, NA CAB 134/3495.
45.
Industrial and Regional Development, Cmnd. 4942 (London: HMSO, 1972).
46.
Ministerial Committee on Economic Strategy, ES (72) 1st meeting, 19 January 1972, NA CAB 134/3495.
47.
J. Chilcot , Note for the record: Industrial & Regional Matters, 29 November 1971, NA BA 6/2.
48.
See NA BA 6/4.
49.
Cockaigne: Record of a meeting in Old Admiralty Building, 3 February 1972, NA BA 6/13; Pliatzky, Getting and Spending, pp. 110–111.
50.
House of Commons debates, 22 May 1972, cols.1023–1037.
51.
Interview with Lord Croham (PC).
52.
Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 81.
53.
Interview with Sir David McNee (PC).
54.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 246.
55.
Cairncross , ‘The Heath government and the British economy’, pp. 116–117.
56.
Edward Heath interviewed by Charles Wintour and Robert Carvel, My Style of Government (London: Evening Standard, 1972), pp. 3–5.
57.
‘The Colossi of Whitehall’, The Economist, 17 October 1970, p. 12; William Armstrong ‘Note for the Record’, 8 June 1970, NA BA 17/231.
58.
Hennessy, Whitehall, pp. 237–238; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 490–491.
59.
Lewis Baston and Anthony Seldon, ‘Number 10 under Edward Heath’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds), The Heath Government 1970–74: A Reappraisal (London: Longman, 1996), p. 48.
60.
Samuel Brittan , ‘Plan for new Department to aid PM’, Financial Times, 23 August 1972; Peter Jay , ‘Talks on a Prime Minister’s department’, The Times, 24 August 1971.
61.
Armstrong to Roberts, 22 August 1972, NA PREM 15/1603; Roy Blackman, ‘Silly season stuff, says Sir William’, Daily Express, 25 August 1972.
62.
W. Armstrong to R. Armstrong, 12 September 1972, NA PREM 15/1603.
63.
Jon Davis, Prime Ministers and Whitehall 1960–74 (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 148.
64.
Nield to Armstrong, 17 February 1972, NA BA 6/56.
65.
‘Silly season stuff, says Sir William’, Daily Express, 25 August 1972.
66.
W. Armstrong to R. Armstrong, 12 September 1972, NA PREM 15/1603.
67.
R. Armstrong to W. Armstrong, 13 September 1972, NA PREM 15/1603.
68.
J.M. Lee, G.W. Jones and June Burnham, At the Centre of Whitehall: Advising the Prime Minister and Cabinet (London: Macmillan, 1998); Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon, The Powers Behind the Prime Minister (London: HarperCollins, 1999); Andrew Blick and George Jones, At Power’s Elbow: Aides to the Prime Minister from Robert Walpole to David Cameron (London: Biteback Publishing, 2013).
69.
Baston and Anthony Seldon, ‘Number 10 under Edward Heath’, p. 73.
70.
Hugo Young Papers, pp. 86–87; Kenneth Baker, The Turbulent Years (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), p. 35.
71.
Interviews with former permanent secretaries (KT).
72.
Note of a conversation between the Prime Minister and Lord Armstrong, 26 October 1977, NA PREM 16/1658.
73.
Ian Beesley, The Official History of the Cabinet Secretaries (London: Routledge, 2017), p. 317; Anthony Seldon and Jonathan Meakin, The Cabinet Office 1916–2016 (London: Biteback Publishing, 2016), pp. 180–182; Hunt to Prime Minister, 7 September 1973, 12 November 1973, and 23 November 1973, NA BA 6/56.
74.
Nora Beloff , ‘The education of Mr Heath’, The Observer, 15 October 1972; Nora Beloff , ‘Make or break for Heath’, The Observer, 4 February 1973.
75.
Fay and Young, The Fall of Heath, p. 10; ‘Civil Service head “acted as deputy prime minister”’, The Times, 27 March 1974; interview with Lady Armstrong (PC).
76.
Holmes, The Failure of the Heath Government, pp. 114, 131; John Nott, Here Today, Gone Tomorrow (London: Politico’s, 2002), p. 157.
77.
‘The Heath Government: Witness Seminar’, p. 209; ‘Sir William Armstrong talking with Desmond Wilcox’, The Listener, 28 March 1974, p. 390.
78.
‘Man Alive: Sir William Armstrong’, BBC television, 27 March 1974, transcript in: NA BA 7/22.
79.
Hugo Young , ‘Arch-mandarin who went public’, The Sunday Times, 13 July 1980.
80.
Graham Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’, Sunday Telegraph, 1 May 1977.
81.
Interviews with former permanent secretaries (KT).
82.
The Hugo Young Papers, p. 80.
83.
Note of a conversation between the Prime Minister and Lord Armstrong, 26 October 1977, NA PREM 16/1658.
84.
The Listener, 28 March 1974, p. 390.
85.
Graham Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’, Sunday Telegraph, 1 May 1977; note to prime minister, 11 July 1972, NA BA 6/16.
86.
Jon Davis, ‘Allen, Douglas Albert Vivian, Baron Croham (1917–2011)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [www.oxforddnb.com.].
87.
Authority of Government Policy Group, minutes of 12th meeting (guest: Lord Armstrong), 21 July 1976, Margaret Thatcher Foundation [http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/111390].
88.
Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’; transcript of ‘Who ruled Britain in 1973—with the benefit of hindsight’, ITV 15 March 1978 (Armstrong papers).
89.
Interview with Jack Jones (PC).
90.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 245.
91.
Robert Taylor, ‘The Heath government and industrial relations: Myth and reality’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds), The Heath Government 1970–74: A Reappraisal (London: Longman, 1996), pp. 162–163; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 475.
92.
The Hugo Young Papers, pp. 62–63.
93.
The Hugo Young Papers, p. 75; Ronald McIntosh, Turbulent Times (London: Biteback Publishing, 2104), p. 177.
94.
See: NA CAB 130/628 and CAB 130/644 for minutes of meetings of GEN 142.
95.
GEN 142 (73) 26th meeting, 15 July 1973, NA CAB 130/628, minutes of the meeting, pp. 7–8.
96.
See: NA CAB 130/ 601; CAB 130/603; CAB 130/634; CAB 130/654.
97.
Norbury to Stuart, 15 June 1973, NA BA 6/39.
98.
Authority of Government Policy Group, minutes of 12th meeting (guest: Lord Armstrong), 21 July 1976, Margaret Thatcher Foundation [http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/111390].
99.
Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 87.
100.
Ziegler, Edward Heath, p. 404.
101.
R. Armstrong, Note for the Record, 18 March 1973, NA BA 6/35.
102.
GEN 142 (73) 4th meeting, 8 January 1973, NA CAB 130/628.
103.
See seating plans for Downing Street meetings in: NA BA 6/17 and PREM 15/1655.
104.
Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 474.
105.
Rosaleen Anne Hughes, ‘Governing in Hard Times’: The Heath Government and Civil Emergencies—the 1972 and the 1974 Miners’ Strikes, PhD thesis, Queen Mary University of London, 2012, p. 171; Holmes, The Failure of the Heath Government, p. 131; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 475.
106.
Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’; The Listener, 28 March 1974, p. 390.
107.
The Hugo Young Papers, p. 76.
108.
Rothschild to Armstrong, 29 February 1972, NA BA 6/55.
109.
R. Armstrong, Note for the Record, 29 January 1973, NA BA 6/33; Ziegler, Edward Heath, p. 403.
110.
R. Armstrong, Note for the Record, 18 March 1973, NA BA 6/35.
111.
W. Armstrong, Note for the Record, 3 April 1973, NA BA 6/36.
112.
Interview with Sir John Chilcot (PC).
113.
R. Armstrong, Note for the Record, 10 July 1973, NA BA 6/40.
114.
N. Stuart to C. Roberts, 17 August 1973, NA BA 6/43; The Hugo Young Papers, p. 75.
115.
Interview with Lord Armstrong, BBC Radio 4 ‘World at One’, 23 January 1979 (transcript in Armstrong papers).
116.
Holmes, The Failure of the Heath Government, p. 110.
117.
GEN 118 (73) 2nd meeting, 16 January 1973, NA CAB 130/634.
118.
W. Armstrong to R. Armstrong, 27 July 1972; M. Schreiber, Inflation, 26 July 1972, NA BA 6/18.
119.
GEN 142 (73) 79, Prices and Pay—The Next Phase: A Strategy for the Approach to Stage 3, memorandum by the Chairman of the Steering Group of Officials on Counter-Inflation Policy, 8 June 1973, NA BA 6/38.
120.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 286
121.
Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’; The Hugo Young Papers, p. 80; private information from interviews (KT).
122.
Interviews with Lord Butler of Brockwell and Lord Croham (PC).
123.
Keith Harper, ‘A “silly” letter starts mass walk-out’, The Guardian, 23 February 1973.
124.
See: NA BA 22/527 and Rodney Lowe, The Official History of the British Civil Service: Reforming the Civil Service, Volume 1: The Fulton Years, 1966–81 (London: Routledge, 2011), pp. 301–304; Graham Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’, Sunday Telegraph, 1 May 1977.
125.
Geoffrey K. Fry, The Changing Civil Service (London: Allen and Unwin, 1985), p. 130.
126.
Interview with former permanent secretary (KT).
127.
House of Commons debates, 12 March 1973, cols.880–881; Lowe, The Official History of the British Civil Service: Reforming the Civil Service, p. 497, fn.74.
128.
J.M. Moore to Sir William Armstrong, 2 February 1973, NA BA 19/144.
129.
Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 100; Joe Gormley, Battered Cherub (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982), pp. 124–125.
130.
Transcript, ‘Who Ruled Britain in 1973—With the benefit of hindsight?’, ITV, 15 March 1978 (Armstrong papers).
131.
N. Stuart to R. Armstrong, 17 July 1973, NA BA 6/41 (also in PREM 15/1680).
132.
The Hugo Young Papers, p. 90; Fay and Young, The Fall of Heath, p. 7.
133.
N. Stuart to R. Armstrong, 1 October 1973, NA BA 6/45.
134.
Transcript of ‘Who ruled Britain in 1973—With the benefit of hindsight’, ITV 15 March 1978 (Armstrong papers).
135.
Ibid.
136.
Gormley , Battered cherub, p. 131; GEN 142 (73) 175, Meeting with the National Union of Mineworkers’ National Executive Committee, 10 Downing Street on Wednesday 28 November 1973, Cabinet Office 3 December 1973, NA CAB 130/651.
137.
Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 567; Holmes, The Failure of the Heath Government, p. 113.
138.
Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), pp. 587–599; Richard J. Aldrich and Rory Cormac, The Black Door: Spies, Secret Intelligence and British Prime Ministers (London: William Collins, 2016), pp. 301–306.
139.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 356.
140.
EPC (74) 4, Meeting with the Confederation of British Industry: 11 January 1974, Cabinet Office, 15 January 1974, NA CAB 134/3749.
141.
EPC (74) 11, Meeting with the Trades Union Congress: 14 January 1974, Cabinet Office 16 January 1974, NA CAB 134/3749.
142.
W. Armstrong to R. Armstrong, 4 December 1973, NA BA 6/48.
143.
NEDC (74) 1st meeting, National Economic Development Council meeting, 9 January 1974, NA PREM 15/2118.
144.
Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 107; Fay and Young, The Fall of Heath, p. 21; Holmes, The Failure of the Heath Government, p. 110.
145.
CIO (74) 4, Meeting with the Trades Union Congress: 10 January 1974, Cabinet Office 11 January 1974, NA BA 6/49.
146.
C.F. Heron, Miners’ Dispute: The TUC Initiative, 11 January 1974, NA BA 6/49.
147.
The Hugo Young Papers, p. 79.
148.
Transcript, ‘Who Ruled Britain in 1973—With the benefit of hindsight?’, ITV, 15 March 1978 (Armstrong papers).
149.
Ronald McIntosh , Challenge to Democracy: Politics, Trade Union Power and Economic Failure in the 1970s (London: Politico’s, 2006), p. 6.
150.
‘Management of the Economy in 1974’, K. Berrill, 11 December 1973, NA BA 6/52.
151.
Note of a meeting on 3 January 1974 in Sir William Armstrong’s office, R. McConnachie, 7 January 1974, NA BA 6/53.
152.
Note of a meeting on 7 January 1974 in Sir William Armstrong’s office, R. McConnachie, 8 January 1974, NA BA 6/53.
153.
‘1974: The background to policy’, ESO (74) 2, 14 January 1974, NA CAB 134/3757.
154.
ESO (74) 1st meeting, 15 January 1974, NA CAB 134/3757; W. Armstrong to Prime Minister, 18 January 1974, NA BA 6/53.
155.
Note of a meeting held at 10 Downing Street, 24 January 1974, NA PREM 15/2043 (also in NA BA 6/53).
156.
Hughes, ‘Governing in Hard Times’: The Heath Government and Civil Emergencies—The 1972 and the 1974 Miners’ Strikes, pp. 199, 216.
157.
Ronald McIntosh , Challenge to Democracy, pp. 62, 68.
158.
W. Armstrong to R. Armstrong, 23 November 1973; R. Hayton, Note for the Record, 23 November 1973, NA PREM 15/1452.
159.
Ziegler, Edward Heath, p. 424.
160.
The Hugo Young Papers, p. 79.
161.
Transcript, ‘Who Ruled Britain in 1973—With the benefit of hindsight?’, ITV, 15 March 1978 (Armstrong papers).
162.
Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’; Brian Connell, ‘Lord Armstrong: A hardly-noticed transition from Whitehall to the City’, The Times, 15 November 1976.
163.
Ibid, The Times, 15 November 1976.
164.
J. Hunt to D. Allen, 17 November 1976; R. Armstrong to E. Heath, 16 November 1976, NA CAB 164/1515.
165.
T. Churchill, Note for the Record, 19 April 1978; J. Hunt to I. Bancroft , 23 May 1978, NA CAB 164/1515.
166.
Hennessy, Whitehall, p. 76.
167.
McIntosh , Challenge to Democracy, p. 103.
168.
The Hugo Young Papers, pp. 68, 77; Fay and Young, The Fall of Heath, pp. 22–23.
169.
James Prior , A Balance of Power (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986), p. 90.
170.
Graham Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’, Sunday Telegraph, 1 May 1977.
171.
Interview with Peter Jay (KT).
172.
Fay and Young, The Fall of Heath, p. 23.
173.
Ziegler, Edward Heath, p. 423; The Hugo Young Papers, p. 85.
174.
The Hugo Young Papers, pp. 79, 82.
175.
McIntosh , Challenge to Democracy, p. 68.
176.
Ziegler, Edward Heath, p. 424.
177.
Hurd, An End To Promises, p. 131.
178.
Correspondence with Lord Hurd (PC).
179.
Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 110.
180.
McIntosh , Challenge to Democracy, p. 258.
181.
Draft note, E. Heath to Lord Armstrong, in NA CAB 164/1515.
182.
R. Armstrong to E. Heath, 16 November 1976, NA CAB 164/1515.
183.
The Hugo Young Papers, p. 78.
184.
McIntosh , Challenge to Democracy, p. 70.
185.
Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 110.
186.
Correspondence with Lord Armstrong of Ilminster (KT); Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: Volume 2—With James Callaghan in No. 10, p. 153.
187.
Graham Turner, ‘Make and break for a top civil servant’, Sunday Telegraph, 1 May 1977.
188.
Correspondence with Lord Armstrong of Ilminster (KT); private information.
189.
Private information.
190.
Fay and Young, The Fall of Heath (March 1976).
191.
Martin Holmes, The Fall of the Heath Government, p. 114.
192.
The Hugo Young Papers, p. 90; McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy, p. 71; interviews with former senior officials (KT).
193.
Interview with former civil servant (KT).
194.
Interview with former permanent secretary (KT).
195.
The Hugo Young Papers, pp. 77, 81.
196.
Hughes, ‘Governing in Hard Times’: The Heath Government and Civil Emergencies—The 1972 and the 1974 Miners’ Strikes, pp. 216–217.
197.
The Hugo Young Papers, pp. 73, 76.
198.
The Listener, 28 March 1974, p. 390.
199.
Tony Benn , Against the Tide: Diaries 1973–77, p. 118; Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries 1974–76, pp. 40–41.
200.
The Listener, 28 March 1974, p. 391.
201.
NA PREM 16/104.
202.
NA PREM 16/314.
203.
William Armstrong to Robert Armstrong, 10 June 1974, NA PREM 16/465.
204.
NA BA 17/985; PREM 16/109.
205.
Benn , Against the Tide: Diaries 1973–77, p. 422.
206.
The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, pp. 356–7.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Sch of Politics & International Studies, University of Leeds Sch of Politics & International Studies, Leeds, UK
Kevin Theakston
Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK
Philip Connelly

Authors

Kevin Theakston
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Philip Connelly
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Theakston, K., Connelly, P. (2018). ‘Deputy Prime Minister’ Under Heath. In: William Armstrong and British Policy Making. Understanding Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57159-5_6

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57159-5_6
Published: 24 November 2017
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-57158-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-57159-5
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics