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Nigeria’s University Age pp 145–172Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Breakdown: University Development and the Nigerian Crises

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Part of the book series: Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series ((CIPCSS))

Abstract

This chapter considers the crises of the Nigerian ‘First Republic’ from 1960 to 1966 and the breakdown of the university-led development paradigm. Livsey argues that universities’ connections with the Nigerian state meant that they were affected by, and contributed to, wider political crises. Flows of foreign aid, together with transnational expectations that they would drive development, intensified political rivalries around universities. Problems at Nigerian universities ultimately undermined their attractiveness to foreign donors. The crises of the Nigerian First Republic were produced through an interaction between domestic and cross-border dynamics, which were shaped by, and contributed to, a broader, global crisis in technocratic development.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    van den Berghe, Power and Privilege, 262.

  2. 2.

    On the ‘hackneyed phrase “national cake”’, see Achebe, Man of the People, 12. It has intrigued scholars: for example, see Bayart, The State in Africa, lxxxiv.

  3. 3.

    Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 16–17.

  4. 4.

    Cooper, Africa Since 1940, 5.

  5. 5.

    Even these ‘domestic’ factors were produced through the negotiation of decolonisation, which involved Nigerians, the British, and international institutions. For accounts stressing the domestic dynamics of the 1960s Nigerian crises see Olayemi Akinwunmi, Crises and Conflicts in Nigeria: A Political History Since 1960 (Münster, 2004), 67–8; Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 25–63; Eghosa E. Osaghae, Crippled Giant: Nigeria Since Independence (London, 1998), 31; Post and Vickers, Structure and Conflict, 6–8, 40–4. For an account stressing foreign assistance to universities, see Parmar, American Century, 150, 170–1, 177.

  6. 6.

    This analysis draws on Bayart’s concept of ‘extraversion’: Bayart, The State in Africa, xvii–xix, xlvii–li, 21–2, 235–6.

  7. 7.

    Parmar, American Century, 170.

  8. 8.

    Ashby report, 27–8.

  9. 9.

    Daily Times, 24 November 1960.

  10. 10.

    ‘Minute of the first meeting of an ad hoc committee of intellectuals on education in Western Nigeria held at the Premier’s Lodge’, 8 April 1961, JLI Ajayi Papers AJA box 3.

  11. 11.

    Dike to Pifer, 23 March 1961, 1, CURBML series IIIA box 746 folder 4.

  12. 12.

    Ashby to Pifer, 19 April 1963, 1, CURBML series IIIA box 723 folder 6.

  13. 13.

    For example, new medical faculties were planned at the University of Ife, the University of Lagos, and the University of Nigeria.

  14. 14.

    Nigeria, Educational Development in Nigeria 1961–70 (Lagos, 1961), 4.

  15. 15.

    ‘Extract from Ibadan Despatch No 2(64)’, 5 July 1964, TNA DO 195/309.

  16. 16.

    For example, see Jasper to Dike, 27 August 1962; Bass to Dike, 12 February 1965, UARSP ‘Correspondence between UI and the UK High Commission in Lagos’ folder.

  17. 17.

    ‘Extract from Ibadan Despatch No 2(64)’, 5 July 1964, TNA DO 195/309. A fictionalised but recognisable representation of this relationship based on personal experience of the University of Ibadan can be found in William Boyd, A Good Man in Africa (London, 2010 [1981]).

  18. 18.

    The last British governor-general was Sir James Roberston, who relinquished the post in November 1960. Nigeria, University College, Ibadan Ordinance, 11.

  19. 19.

    An incident detailed in Chapter 3.

  20. 20.

    Soyinka, Ibadan, 193.

  21. 21.

    WAP, 22 June 1961. Also see Daily Express, 19 June 1961; ‘Excerpt from Chadbourne Gilpatric West Africa trip diary’, 25 October 1962, RAC RF RG 1.2 series 497 box 3 folder 20.

  22. 22.

    On Dafe see Daily Times, 14 October 1960, 4 November 1960.

  23. 23.

    Omer-Cooper, ‘Reminiscences’, 10, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/84.

  24. 24.

    ‘Independent status’, Ibadan 13 (1961), 4.

  25. 25.

    WAP, 20 November 1961.

  26. 26.

    Ryder, ‘Memoir’, 23, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/101.

  27. 27.

    Wrigley, ‘Memories’, 9, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/133.

  28. 28.

    Daily Service, 20 November 1961.

  29. 29.

    WAP, 24 November 1961.

  30. 30.

    R.A. Adeleye, ‘The independent university, 1962–68’, in Ajayi and Tamuno (eds.), University of Ibadan, 81–3.

  31. 31.

    For example see Daily Times, 27 November 1961.

  32. 32.

    J.F. Ade Ajayi, ‘K.O. Dike. Pioneer scholar and administrator’, 1980, JLI Ajayi Papers EDU box 50.

  33. 33.

    Ferguson and Ferguson to ‘Friends’, April 1962, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/34.

  34. 34.

    John M. Weir, ‘Interviews’, March to April 1962, 91, RAC RF RG 12 box 511.

  35. 35.

    Wrigley, ‘Memories’, 9, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/133.

  36. 36.

    Ike, University Development, 81.

  37. 37.

    Vaughan, Nigerian Chiefs, 96–109.

  38. 38.

    On the student AG branch see Daily Times, 5 March 1964, 18 November 1965; Morning Post, 15 December 1964. On the National Reconstruction Group, see Post and Vickers, Structure and Conflict, 75; Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 332 n 3.

  39. 39.

    Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 103–4.

  40. 40.

    The NNDP was formed in March 1964 from Akintola’s earlier party the United Peoples’ Party. For clarity, the UPP is referred to here as the NNDP.

  41. 41.

    Akinjide Osuntokun, Chief S. Ladoke Akintola: His Life and Times (Ibadan, 2010), 130–3.

  42. 42.

    On the complex issue of the AG’s relationship with the city of Ibadan, see J. Labinjoh, Modernity and Tradition in the Politics of Ibadan: 1900–1975 (Ibadan, 1991), 56–7; Vaughan, Nigerian Chiefs, 69–73.

  43. 43.

    Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 105, 110–11, 273.

  44. 44.

    William E. Reid, ‘Memorandum of conversation’, 18 November 1964, NACP RG 286 P823 box 1, ‘Education FY 65’ folder.

  45. 45.

    Wrigley, ‘Memories’, 14, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/133.

  46. 46.

    N.K. Adamolekun, untitled account of the dispute with Dike, n.d. [c. 1964], 12, JLI Ajayi Papers EDU box 64.

  47. 47.

    Adeleye, ‘The independent university’, 90.

  48. 48.

    NNDP, ‘A rejoinder to Dr Ikejiani’s statement on recent accusations of tribalism in the University of Ibadan’, 1964, 1, Institute of Commonwealth Studies Library, PP.NR.NNDP.1.

  49. 49.

    NNDP, ‘A rejoinder’, 4.

  50. 50.

    ‘Ibadan Fortnightly Summary 12(66)’, 5 June 1966, TNA DO 195/309; van den Berghe, Power and Privilege, 32.

  51. 51.

    Wrigley, ‘Memories’, 11, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/133. Also see John A. Ramsarian memoir, n.d. [c. 1982], 35, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/93.

  52. 52.

    ‘Extract from Ibadan Despatch No. 2(64)’, 5 July 1964, TNA DO 195/309.

  53. 53.

    van den Berghe, Power and Privilege, 220–1, 265–6; Crawford Young, ‘The African university: universalism, development and ethnicity’, Comparative Education Review 25:2 (1981), 149, 162–3.

  54. 54.

    C. William Kontos, ‘Memorandum of conversation’, 3–4, 22 September 1961, NACP RG 286 MCR822 box 7, ‘Education FY 1962’ folder.

  55. 55.

    ‘University of Ife building program (revised)’, n.d., NACP RG 286 P825, ‘Education FY 1964 – FY 1965 folder 1’; University of Ife, Ibadan Bulletin 1:1 (1966), 5.

  56. 56.

    Ralph K. Davidson, ‘Interviews’, May to June 1963, 48, RAC RF RG 12 box 99, ‘905 DAV-2 1963’ volume; Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 107.

  57. 57.

    Daily Times, 26 November 1963.

  58. 58.

    S.O. Arifalo and V.O. Oshin, ‘Early years at Ibadan: the period of teething problems, 1962–1966’, in Omosini and Adediran (eds.), Great Ife, 26.

  59. 59.

    Biobaku, When We Were No Longer Young, 97.

  60. 60.

    Shotunde to Oyenuga, 3 February 1964, JLI Ajayi Papers EDU box 64; Biobaku, When We Were No Longer Young, 96–7; Daily Times, 17 March 1964; Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 107; Ajayi, Goma and Johnson, African Experience, 83; Ike, University Development, 191–4.

  61. 61.

    Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 206, 214–5, 244; Post and Vickers, Structure and Conflict, 172.

  62. 62.

    Ejiwunmi to Meagher, 29 November 1963, NACP RG 286 P825 box 13, ‘Education FY 1964 – FY 1965 folder 1’.

  63. 63.

    Construction began in 1965, and the university eventually moved into the new buildings at Ife in 1967. Arieh Sharon, Kibbutz + Bauhaus: An Architect’s Way in a New Land (Stuttgart, 1976), 127–8, 140–1. On the move see A. Babs Fafunwa, Up and On! A Nigerian Teacher’s Odyssey (Lagos, 1990), 258, 262.

  64. 64.

    Although the reception of this aspect of the design was mixed, it is improbable that it was not approved by the Western Region government, given the government’s close interest in the university project. For a contrasting argument see Ayala Levin, ‘Exporting architectural national expertise: Arieh Sharon’s Ife University campus in West-Nigeria (1962–1976)’, in Raymond Quek, Darren Deane and Sarah Butler (eds.), Nationalism and Architecture (Farnham, 2012), 61–2.

  65. 65.

    Gitler, ‘Campus architecture’, 133.

  66. 66.

    There were however voices in the regional government that called for economy: T.M. Aluko, The Story of My Life (Ibadan, 2006), 218–9, 221.

  67. 67.

    AID, Educational and Economic Feasibility Study of the University of Ife, Nigeria (n.p., 1964), 71, 82.

  68. 68.

    Ajayi, Goma and Johnson, African Experience, 81.

  69. 69.

    Taggart to Hannah, 5 May 1961, MSUAHC UA 2.9.5.4 box 183 folder 77.

  70. 70.

    Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 222, 225.

  71. 71.

    Stolper, Inside Independent Nigeria, 108; Axinn to Hannah, 30 November 1962, 5, MSUAHC UA 2.9.5.4 box 177A folder 42.

  72. 72.

    Ajayi, Goma and Johnson, African Experience, 81; Hanson, Education, Nsukka, 24–5, 30.

  73. 73.

    John K. Emmerson, ‘Memorandum of conversation’, 12 November 1958, NACP RG 286 P822 box 1, ‘Education’ folder.

  74. 74.

    J.M. Baba, ‘The physical development of ABU, 1962–1987’, in Mahadi (ed.), History of Ahmadu Bello University, 221–2, 244–5. As elsewhere, the January 1966 coup was disruptive at ABU: Y.T. Gella, ‘Academic and administrative pioneers and their successors, 1962–1987’, in Mahadi (ed.), History of Ahmadu Bello University, 77–8.

  75. 75.

    WAP, 1 March 1965.

  76. 76.

    Ashby to Maxwell, 11 March 1965, 2, CURBML CCNY series IIIA box 467 folder 6.

  77. 77.

    Untitled report, n.d. [1965], 2, NACP RG 59 S235 67D27 box 78, ‘Education & culture Nigeria 1965 EDU 9’ folder.

  78. 78.

    Cumming-Bruce to Commonwealth Relations Office, 6 March 1965, TNA DO 195/310.

  79. 79.

    The Inspired Crisis over the Appointment of Vice-Chancellor of the University of Lagos by the Other Senior Members of Staff (Lagos, 1965), 3. Other pamphlets included University of Lagos, Change in Vice-Chancellorship. An Official Publication (Lagos, n.d. [1965]); G.K Berrie, C. Fielstra, T.F. Nicholson, P.O. Nsugbe, B.O. Nwabueze and A. Nwaefuna, University of Lagos. The Truth About the Change in Vice-Chancellorship (Yaba, n.d. [1965]).

  80. 80.

    Nigerian Outlook, 9 June 1965; Biobaku, When We Were No Longer Young, 113.

  81. 81.

    Nigerian Daily Sketch, 8 June 1965, 9 June 1965. The word ‘Igbo’ is now usually used in preference to ‘Ibo’, but the latter has been retained here in fidelity to the original text.

  82. 82.

    Untitled report, n.d. [1965], 3, 4, NACP RG 59 S235 67D27 box 78, ‘Education & culture Nigeria 1965 EDU 9’ folder.

  83. 83.

    USINFO report, 15 June 1965, NACP RG 59 S235 67D27 box 78, ‘Education & culture Nigeria 1965 EDU 9’ folder.

  84. 84.

    Pamphlets published during the crisis offered detailed interpretations of how the University of Lagos Act supported their contentions. For example see University of Lagos, Change in Vice-Chancellorship, 3–7.

  85. 85.

    ‘The Lagos University crisis’, n.d. [September 1965], TNA DO 195/310.

  86. 86.

    van Oss to Trimble, 18 June 1965, NACP RG 59 S235 67D27 box 78, ‘Education & culture Nigeria 1965 EDU 9’ folder.

  87. 87.

    A.B. Aderibigbe, ‘The emergence of the university, 1962–67’, in Aderibigbe and Gbadamosi (eds.), History of the University of Lagos, 14.

  88. 88.

    Untitled report, n.d. [1965], 3, 4, NACP RG 59 S235 67D27 box 78, ‘Education & culture Nigeria 1965 EDU 9’ folder.

  89. 89.

    van Oss to Trimble, 18 June 1965; Untitled report, n.d. [1965], 3, NACP RG 59 S235 67D27 box 78, ‘Education & culture Nigeria 1965 EDU 9’ folder.

  90. 90.

    Daily Telegraph, 16 June 1965; George H. Axinn, ‘End of tour report’, n.d. [c. June 1967], 4, MSUAHC U.A. 2.9.5.4 box 216 folder 23; Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 249–51; B. Olatunji Oloruntimehin, ‘The university in the era of the Civil War and reconstruction’, in Ajayi and Tamuno (eds.), University of Ibadan, 104–5.

  91. 91.

    Ashby to Pifer, 19 March 1965, CURBML CCNY series IIIA box 647 folder 6.

  92. 92.

    Troxel to Williams, 24 November 1961, NACP RG 59 A1(719-E) box 29, ‘AID’ folder.

  93. 93.

    Muehlenbeck, Betting on the Africans, 49. On the Peace Corps generally, see Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, All You Need Is Love: The Peace Corps and the Spirit of the 1960s (Cambridge, MA, 1998).

  94. 94.

    AID Nigeria team, ‘Peace Corps potential for Nigeria’, 19 April 1961, NACP RG 286 MCR822 box 5, ‘Peace Corps FY 1961’ folder.

  95. 95.

    Palmer, ‘Memorandum of conversation’, 27 September 1961, NACP RG 286 MCR822 box 7, ‘Education FY 1962’ file.

  96. 96.

    ‘United States activities especially aimed at offsetting or precluding Sino-Soviet efforts in Nigeria’, 1 February 1965, 2, NACP RG 59 67D27 box 79, ‘CSM 9 Communist activities’ folder.

  97. 97.

    Ebernezer Babatope, A Decade of Student Power in Nigeria (1960–1970) (A Documentary Sourcebook of Student Militancy in Nigeria) (Yaba, 1974), 29. Also see Ferguson and Ferguson to ‘Friends’, November 1961, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/34.

  98. 98.

    Daily Times, 16 October 1961.

  99. 99.

    American Embassy-USIS-Peace Corps, Lagos to Secretary of State, 17 October 1961, 1, 2; American Embassy-USIS-Peace Corps, Lagos to Secretary of State, 20 October 1961, 2, NACP RG 286 P824 box 3, ‘Peace Corps FY 1962’ folder.

  100. 100.

    Palmer to Secretary of State, 18 October 1961, NACP RG 286 P824 box 3, ‘Peace Corps FY 1962’ folder.

  101. 101.

    New York Times, 19 March 1962.

  102. 102.

    AID Lagos to AID Washington, 20 April 1962, 5, NACP RG 286 MCR822 box 7, ‘Education FY 1962’ file.

  103. 103.

    George M. Johnson, ‘End of tour report’, n.d. [c. June 1964], 28, MSUAHC U.A. 2.9.5.4 box 217 folder 26; Nigerian Outlook, 22 November 1962.

  104. 104.

    Sunday Express, 11 November 1962.

  105. 105.

    New York Times, 19 March 1962.

  106. 106.

    Johnson to Taggart, 14 February 1961, 2, 3, MSUAHC U.A. 2.9.5.4 box 179 folder 30.

  107. 107.

    AID Lagos to AID Washington, 20 April 1962, 5, NACP RG 286 MCR822 box 7, ‘Education FY 1962’ file.

  108. 108.

    ‘News about the University of Nigeria, Nsukka for the months of February and March, 1961’, April 1961, 3, MSUAHC U.A. 2.9.5.4 box 186 folder 6; George M. Johnson, ‘End of tour report’, n.d. [c. June 1964], 17–18, MSUAHC U.A. 2.9.5.4 box 217 folder 26.

  109. 109.

    Azikiwe to Hannah, 13 March 1964; Hannah to Taggart, 13 March 1964, MSUAHC U.A. 2.9.5.4 box 177A folder 51.

  110. 110.

    Lalage Bown (former deputy director of extra-mural studies at Ibadan), interview with author, February 2015.

  111. 111.

    Bown received Soviet offers of ‘a young man – which again didn’t do much good’: Bown, interview.

  112. 112.

    Trimble to Williams, 8 January 1963, 7, NACP RG 59 A1(719-E) box 28, ‘Nigeria’ folder.

  113. 113.

    Robert W. July, ‘Interviews’, 23 April 1964, 2, 3, RAC RF RG 1.2 series 497 box 1 folder 8.

  114. 114.

    Pratt, Swanson and Bigelow, ‘An evaluation of the general development grant’, 20, 22, RAC FF reports 2325 box 97.

  115. 115.

    Heaps to Dike, 7 June 1966, RAC FF reel 1342 grant 63–132.

  116. 116.

    Aboyade to Dike, 14 March 1963, UARSP ‘University College Ibadan, a request for financial aid from America’s great foundations’ file.

  117. 117.

    Omer-Cooper, ‘Reminiscences’, 17, 18, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/84. Also see Barbour, ‘Further thoughts’, 8, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/4; Ryder, ‘Memoir’, 10, 13, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/101.

  118. 118.

    O. Aboyade, ‘Ford Foundation general development grant 1962–68 with special reference to capital works’, n.d. [c. 1968?], 3, RAC FF reel 1342 grant 63–132.

  119. 119.

    Coleman, University Development, 275. Both Rockefeller and Ford Foundations built houses for their staff on the UI compound that passed to the university after their assistance programmes were wound up: Ayo Banjo (Ibadan professor emeritus and former vice-chancellor), interview with the author, February 2012.

  120. 120.

    Wilton S. Dillon, ‘Universities and nation-building in Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies 1:1 (1963), 47, 45.

  121. 121.

    Ayo Ogunsheye, ‘Nigeria’, in J.S. Coleman (ed.), Education and Political Development (Princeton, 1965), 123.

  122. 122.

    Akin L. Mabogunje, ‘Some thoughts on being “underdeveloped”’, Ibadan 15 (1963), 22–6.

  123. 123.

    ‘Framework for analysis: education and training in relation to Nigeria’s national development’, 3 March 1965, 1, NACP RG 286 P825 box 13, ‘Edu FY 1965 folder 2’.

  124. 124.

    Ralph K. Davidson, ‘Nigeria diary’, October to March 1963, 17, RAC RF RG 1.2 series 497 box 1 folder 1.

  125. 125.

    ‘Framework for analysis: education and training in relation to Nigeria’s national development’, 3 March 1965, 7, NACP RG 286 P825 box 13, ‘Edu FY 1965 folder 2’.

  126. 126.

    Wolfgang Stolper, Planning Without Facts: Lessons in Resource Allocation from Nigeria’s Development (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 15–16.

  127. 127.

    ‘Summary of meeting with EWA committee on education and human development’, 22 January 1965, 1, 4, NACP RG 286 P825 box 13, ‘Edu FY 1965 folder 2’.

  128. 128.

    Palmer to Williams, 16 December 1963, 2, 3, NACP RG 59 A1(719-E) box 28, ‘Nigeria’ folder.

  129. 129.

    Trimble to Williams, 8 January 1963, 2, NACP RG 59 A1(719-E) box 28, ‘Nigeria’ folder.

  130. 130.

    Matthews to Williams, 10 February 1966, 1, NACP RG 59 A1(719-E) box 28, ‘Nigeria’ folder.

  131. 131.

    Omer-Cooper, ‘Reminiscences’, 26, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/84.

  132. 132.

    F.A. Ogunsheye, ‘Eye witness account of police attack on the university’, n.d. [October 1965], 1, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1877/11.

  133. 133.

    Omer-Cooper, ‘Reminiscences’, 24, 25, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/84.

  134. 134.

    University of Ibadan Students’ Union, ‘Press release. Protest against the violation of our liberty’, 18 October 1965, UARSP ‘XVII Students’ folder. For other accounts see RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1877/11.

  135. 135.

    Daily Sketch, 30 October 1965; ‘Ibadan Fortnightly Summary No. 25(65)’, 5 December 1965, TNA DO 195/309.

  136. 136.

    Daily Times, 18 November 1965.

  137. 137.

    David B. Bolen, ‘Memorandum of conversation’, 3 December 1965, NACP RG 59 68D27 63D33 box 80, ‘POL 18–2 Western Region (Ibadan)’ folder. For a succinct summary of the incident, see Biodun Jeyifo (ed.), Conversations with Wole Soyinka (Jackson, 2001), xxii.

  138. 138.

    Nigerian Opinion, 1:12 (1965). Also see Daily Times, 17 November 1965.

  139. 139.

    Wrigley, ‘Memories’, 15, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/133.

  140. 140.

    Omer-Cooper, ‘Reminiscences’, 27, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/84.

  141. 141.

    Adeleye, ‘The independent university’, 96–7; van den Berghe, Power and Privilege, 202–3.

  142. 142.

    John Iliffe, Obasanjo, Nigeria and the World (Woodbridge, 2011), 21.

  143. 143.

    Ferguson and Ferguson to ‘Friends’, [c. April] 1966, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/34. Also see Diamond, Class, Ethnicity, 266–7, 269–72.

  144. 144.

    Wrigley, ‘Memories’, 15, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/133; Nigerian Outlook, 19 January 1966.

  145. 145.

    Wrigley, ‘Memories’, 16, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/133. The Mid-Western Region was created in 1963 as a result of the Western Region crisis. See Falola and Heaton, History of Nigeria, 167–8.

  146. 146.

    WAP, 31 May 1966; Obi and Malo to the Disciplinary Committee, University of Ibadan, 15 May 1966, JLI Ajayi Papers AJA box 5; ‘Ibadan Fortnightly Summary No. 12(66)’, 5 June 1966, TNA DO 195/309.

  147. 147.

    Daily Sketch, 12 August 1966.

  148. 148.

    Nigerian Tribune, 25 August 1966.

  149. 149.

    For an Eastern Region perspective, see A.H.M. Kirk-Greene, Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria: A Documentary Sourcebook 1966–69, Vol. I: January 1966–July 1967 (London, 1971), 179–80, 198–9, 258–66.

  150. 150.

    Alexander Brown, ‘Notes on recent events’, December 1966, 1, CURBML CCNY series IIIA box 615 folder 1.

  151. 151.

    Nigerian Outlook, 18 October 1966.

  152. 152.

    J.B. Lawson, ‘Message to members of staff and students of the University of Ibadan’, August 1966, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/54.

  153. 153.

    Ajayi to Jolaoso, 17 August 1966, JLI Ajayi Papers AJA box 5.

  154. 154.

    University of Ibadan, ‘Official bulletin’, 11 February 1967, 2, CURBML CCNY series IIIA box 615 folder 1.

  155. 155.

    Dike to Pifer, 15 December 1966, CURBML CCNY series IIIA box 615 folder 1.

  156. 156.

    Coleman, University Development, 93; K.M. Barbour, ‘Further thoughts on the development of the University of Ibadan up to 1973’, n.d. [c. 1982], 8, RHL Mss. Afr. s. 1825/4.

  157. 157.

    Oloruntimehin, ‘The university in the era of the Civil War’, 119.

  158. 158.

    Coleman, University Development, 93; Ike, University Development, 211; van den Berghe, Power and Privilege, 43.

  159. 159.

    University of Ibadan, ‘Official bulletin’, 22 August 1967, 1, CURBML CCNY series IIIA box 615 folder 1; Oloruntimehin, ‘The university in the era of the Civil War’, 110–18; Coleman, University Development, 92–3.

  160. 160.

    George H. Axinn, ‘End of tour report’, n.d. [c. August 1967], 3, MSUAHC UA 2.9.5.4 box 216 folder 23.

  161. 161.

    George H. Axinn, ‘End of tour report’, n.d. [c. August 1967], 6, MSUAHC UA 2.9.5.4 box 216 folder 23. Emphasis in original.

  162. 162.

    Wyeth to Hannah, 19 October 1966, MUSAUC UA 2.9.5.4 box 177A folder 59.

  163. 163.

    Wyeth to Hannah, 6 September 1966, 2, MSUAHC UA 2.9.5.4 box 177A folder 59.

  164. 164.

    Wyeth to Hannah, 6 September 1966, 2, MSUAHC UA 2.9.5.4 box 177A folder 59.

  165. 165.

    Wyeth to Hannah, 19 July 1967, MSUAHC UA 2.9.5.4 box 177A folder 59.

  166. 166.

    George H. Axinn, ‘End of tour report’, n.d. [c. August 1967], 17, MSUAHC UA 2.9.5.4 box 216 folder 23.

  167. 167.

    V. Chukwuemeka Ike, ‘The university and the Nigerian crises: 1966–70’, in Obiechina, Ike and Umeh (eds.), University of Nigeria, 41, 47.

  168. 168.

    Davis to Adler, 4 April 1969, 2, NACP RG 286 P825 box 40, ‘Education field trip reports CY ’68-CY ’69’ folder.

  169. 169.

    Davis to Adler, 4 April 1969, 2, NACP RG 286 P825 box 40, ‘Education field trip reports CY ’68-CY ’69’ folder.

  170. 170.

    University of Nigeria, Reconstructing the University (n.p., 1970), 9; M.S.O. Olisa and O.O. Enekwe, ‘Period of reconstruction, 1970–1985’, in Obiechina, Ike and Umeh (eds.), University of Nigeria, 54.

  171. 171.

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    Tim Livsey

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Livsey, T. (2017). Breakdown: University Development and the Nigerian Crises. In: Nigeria’s University Age. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56505-1_7

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