Skip to main content

The Complex Nature of Disability Stigma in Employment: Impact on Access and Opportunity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Stigmas, Work and Organizations

Part of the book series: Palgrave Explorations in Workplace Stigma ((PAEWS))

Abstract

In the United States, individuals with disabilities make up almost one-fifth of the American population, but they are unemployed at a rate that is twice that of people without disabilities (Erickson et al., Disability statistics from the 2014 American Community Survey (ACS). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Yang Tan Institute (YTI), 2016). There are multiple interacting factors that result in significant barriers to employment and many of them are related to disability stigma and resulting disparate behavior. This chapter will examine the complexity of disability stigma in employment by exploring it from the micro (individual), mesa (employers), and meta (society) levels. It is at the intersection of these levels where strategies can lead to a reduction of barriers in organizational access and opportunity for individuals with disabilities.

The original version of this chapter was revised.

An erratum to this chapter can be found at DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56476-4_13

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Affirmative action and nondiscrimination obligations of contractors and subcontractors regarding individuals with disabilities, 76 Fed. Reg. 77056. (2011). Notice of proposed rule making.

    Google Scholar 

  • Americans with Disability Act Charges FY 1997–FY 2015. Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/ada-charges.cfm

  • An, S., Roessler, R. T., & McMahon, B. T. (2011). Workplace discrimination and Americans with psychiatric disabilities: A comparative study. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55, 7–19. doi:10.1177/0034355211410704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldridge, D. C., & Veiga, J. F. (2001). Toward a greater understanding of the willingness to request accommodation: Can requesters’ beliefs disable the Americans with disabilities act? Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 85–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, M. L., & Marcus, S. C. (2006). Perceived and measured stigma among workers with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57(3), 388–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, P., Monaco, G., Schmeling, J., Schartz, H., & Blanck, P. (2005). Disability as diversity in fortune 100 companies. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 23(1), 97–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, B. S., & Klein, K. J. (2001). Effects of disability, gender, and job level on ratings of job applicants. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 229–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, M. (2004). Determinants of employment status among a community-based sample of people with epilepsy: Implications for rehabilitation interventions. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 47(2), 112–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bricout, J. C., & Bentley, K. J. (2000). Disability status and perceptions of employability by employers. Social Work Research, 24(2), 87–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brohan, E., Henderson, C., Wheat, K., Malcolm, E., Clement, S., Barley, E. A., et al. (2012). Systematic review of beliefs, behaviors and influencing factors associated with disclosure of a mental health problem in the workplace. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buljevac, M., Majdak, M., & Leutar, Z. (2012). The stigma of disability: Croatian experiences. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(9), 725–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J., Bezyak, J., Fraser, R. T., Pete, J., Ditchman, N., & Chan, F. (2013). Employers’ attitudes towards hiring and retaining people with disabilities: A review of the literature. Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counseling, 19(1), 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96(4), 608–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 504–553). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalgin, R. S., & Bellini, J. (2008). Invisible disability disclosure in an employment interview: Impact on employers’ hiring decisions and views of employability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 52(1), 6–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalgin, R. S., & Gilbride, D. (2003). Perspectives of people with psychiatric disabilities on employment disclosure. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 26(3), 306–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Disability Discrimination. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/disability.cfm

  • Disability and Health. (2015). Fact sheet 252, Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs352/en/

  • Dixon, K. A., Krouse, D., & Van Horn, C. E. (2003). Restricted access: A survey of employers about people with disabilities and lowering barriers to work. New Brunswick, NJ: John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domzal, C., Houtenville, A., & Sharma, R. (2008). Survey of employer perspectives on the employment of people with disabilities: Technical report. (Prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Employment Policy, U.S. Department of Labor). McLean, VA: CESSI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J., Major, B., & Crocker, J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and overview. In T. Heatherton, R. Kleck, M. Hebl, & J. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draper, W., Hawley, C., McMahon, B., & Reid, C. (2012). Workplace discrimination and the record of disability. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 36, 199–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, A., Gervey, R., Chan, F., Chou, C. C., & Ditchman, N. (2008). Vocational rehabilitation services and employment outcomes of people with disabilities: A United States study. Journal of Occupation Rehabilitation, 18, 326–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, W. A., Lee, C., & von Schrader, S. (2016). Disability statistics from the 2014 American Community Survey (ACS). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Yang Tan Institute (YTI). Retrieved April 16, 2016, from www.disabilitystatistics.org

  • Erickson, W. A., von Schrader, S., Bruyere, S. M., & VanLooy, S. A. (2013). The employment environment: Employer perspectives, policies, and practices regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 20(10), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of a spoiled identity. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, S. G., Killeen, M. B., & O’Day, B. (2005). The disclosure conundrum: How people with psychiatric disabilities navigate employment. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(3), 463–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grizzard, W. (2005). Meeting demand-side expectations and needs. Paper presented at the ADA 15th Anniversary Seminar, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, B., Keys, B., & Balcazar, R. (2000). Employer attitudes towards workers with disabilities and other ADA employment rights: A literature review. Journal of Rehabilitation, 66(4), 4–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, E. P., & Rivers, L. P. (1998). Individual strategies for coping with the stigma of severe mental illness. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 5, 231–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ju, S., Roberts, E., & Zhang, D. (2013). Employer attitudes toward workers with disabilities: A review of research in the past decade. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 38(2), 113–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler/NOD. (2010). The ADA, 20 years later: Kessler Foundation/NOD survey of Americans with disabilities. New York: Harris Interactive.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kravetz, S., Katz, S., & Albez, D. (1994). Attitudes toward Israeli war veterans with disabilities: Combat versus noncombat military service and responsibility for the disability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 37(4), 371–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald-Wilson, L. K. (2005). Managing disclosure of psychiatric disabilities to employers. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 36(4), 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, B. T., Roessler, R., Rumrill, P., Hurley, J. E., West, S. L., Chan, F., et al. (2008). Hiring discrimination against people with disabilities under the ADA: Characteristics of charging parties. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 33, 122–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, T. L., & Kovera, M. B. (2006). The effects of attribution of responsibility and work history on perceptions of reasonable accommodations. Law and Human Behavior, 30(6), 773–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scully, J. L. (2003). Disability: Stigma and discrimination. In D. Cooper, Encyclopedia of the human genome. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://rose.scranton.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fwileyhg%2Fdisability_stigma_and_discrimination%2F0

  • Stuart, H. (2003). Violence and mental illness: An overview. World Psychiatry, 2(2), 121–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thanem, T. (2008). Embodying disability in diversity management research. Equal Opportunities International, 27(7), 581–595. doi:10.1108/02610150810904292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toossi, M. (2012). Labor force projections to 2020: A more slowly growing workforce. Monthly Laborer Review, 135, 43–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger, D. (2002). Employers’ attitudes toward persons with disabilities in the workforce: Myths or realities? Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. (2008). American with disabilities act: A guide for individuals with disabilities seeking employment (Publication Number ADA-0001 ICN 951750). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://www.ada.gov/workta.htm

  • von Schrader, S., Malzer, V., & Bruyere, S. (2014). Perspectives on disability disclosure: The importance of employer practices and workplace culture. Employment Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 26, 237–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dalgin, R.S. (2018). The Complex Nature of Disability Stigma in Employment: Impact on Access and Opportunity. In: Thomson, S., Grandy, G. (eds) Stigmas, Work and Organizations . Palgrave Explorations in Workplace Stigma. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56476-4_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics