Abstract
Many people with chronic illness participate in the workforce and will continue to do so. Thus, they must cope with their illness symptoms and other peoples’ reactions to their illness in the workplace. In recent years, research on the effects of chronic illness in the workplace has highlighted effects such as stress and burnout (McGonagle et al., Stress and Health, 30, 310–321, 2014), and its effects on daily work interactions (Vickers, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 15(2), 85–98, 2003) and career progression (Beatty, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 24, 91–110, 2012). Findings underscore that having a chronic illness influences not only workplace performance but also social interactions through stereotyping and stigmatization. This chapter will focus on the processes and outcomes of a specific category of stigma—chronic illness stigma—with the aim of discussing the unique issues experienced by this population.
The original version of this chapter was revised.
An erratum to this chapter can be found at DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56476-4_13
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allaire, S. H., Niu, J., & LaValley, M. P. (2005). Employment and satisfaction outcomes from a job retention intervention delivered to persons with chronic diseases. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 48(2), 100–109. doi:10.1177/00343552050480020401
Alonzo, A. A., & Reynolds, N. R. (1995). Stigma, HIV and AIDS: An exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory. Social Science and Medicine, 41(3), 303–315.
Beatty, J. E. (2004). Chronic illness as invisible diversity: Disclosing and coping with illness in the workplace. Organization Studies. Boston, MA: Boston College.
Beatty, J. E. (2012). Career barriers experienced by people with chronic illness: A U. S. study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 24, 91–110.
Beatty, J. E., & Kirby, S. L. (2006). Beyond the legal environment: How stigma influences invisible identity groups in the workplace. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 18(1), 29–44. doi:10.1007/s10672-005-9003-6
Bodenheimer, T., Chen, E., & Bennett, H. D. (2009). Confronting the growing burden of chronic disease: Can the U.S. heath care workforce do the job? Health Affairs, 28(1), 64–74.
Bury, M. (1982). Chronic illness as biological disruption. Sociology of Health and Illness, 4(2), 167–182.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Chronic disease prevention and health promotion. Retrieved July 8, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/index.htm
Charmaz, K. (1983). Loss of self: A fundamental form of suffering in the chronically ill. Sociology of Health & Illness, 5(2), 168–195.
Charmaz, K. (1991). Good days, bad days: The self in chronic illness and time. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Charmaz, K. (2010). Disclosing illness and disability in the workplace. Journal of International Education in Business, 3(1/2), 6–19. doi:10.1108/18363261011106858
Clair, J. A., Beatty, J. E., & MacLean, T. L. (2005). Out of sight but not out of mind: Managing invisible social identities in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 30, 78–95.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1987). Accompaniments of chronic illness: Changes in body, self, biography, and biographical time. In J. Roth & P. Conrad (Eds.), Research in the sociology of health care (Vol. 6, pp. 249–281). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Corrigan, P. (2004). On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Crandall, C. S. (1991). Multiple stigma and AIDS: Illness stigma and attitudes toward homosexuals and IV drug users in AIDS-related stigmatization. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 165–172.
Creed, W. E. D., & Scully, M. A. (2011). Songs of ourselves: Employees’ deployment of social identity in workplace encounters. Journal of Management Inquiry, 20(4), 408–429.
Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 504–553). New York: McGraw Hill.
Croteau, J. M. (1996). Research on the work experience of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people: An integrative review of methodology and findings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 195–209.
Day, N. E., & Schoenrade, P. (1997). Staying in the closet versus coming out: Relationships between communication about sexual orientation and work attitudes. Personnel Psychology, 50(Spring), 147–164.
Driscoll, J. M., Kelley, F. A., & Fassinger, R. E. (1996). Lesbian identity and disclosure in the workplace: Relation to occupational stress and satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 229–242.
Fife, B. L., & Wright, E. R. (2000). The dimensionality of stigma: A comparison of its impact on the self of persons with HIV/AIDS and cancer. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 50–67.
Finerman, R., & Bennett, L. A. (1994). Guilt, blame, and shame: Responsibility in health and sickness. Social Science & Medicine, 40(1), 1–3.
Frable, D., Platt, L., & Hoey, S. (1998). Concealable stigmas and positive self-perceptions: Feeling better around similar others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 909–922.
Galvin, R. (2002). Disturbing notions of chronic illness and individual responsibility: Towards a genealogy of morals. Health, 6(2), 107–137.
Gerhardt, U. (1989). Ideas about illness: An intellectual and political history of medical sociology. New York: New York University Press.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
Jacoby, A. (1994). Felt versus enacted stigma: A concept revisited. Social Science & Medicine, 38(2), 269–274.
Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastrof, A. H., Masrkus, H., Miller, D. T., Scott, R. A., et al. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Jones, K. P., & King, E. B. (2013). Managing concealable stigmas at work: A review and multilevel model. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1466–1494. doi:10.1177/0149206313515518
Koch, L. C., Rumrill, P. D., Conyers, L., & Wohlford, S. (2013). A narrative literature review regarding job retention strategies for people with chronic illnesses. Work, 46(1), 125–134. doi:10.3233/WOR-131668
Krupa, T., Kirsh, B., Cockburn, L., & Gewurtz, R. (2009). Understanding the stigma of mental illness in employment. Work, 33(4), 413–425. doi:10.3233/WOR-2009-0890
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 36–49. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.36
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
MacDonald, L. (1988). The experience of stigma: Living with rectal cancer. In R. Anderson & M. Bury (Eds.), Living with chronic illness (pp. 177–202). London: Unwin Hyman.
Mak, W. W. S., Poon, C. Y. M., Pun, L. Y. K., & Cheung, S. F. (2007). Meta-analysis of stigma and mental health. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 245–261.
McGonagle, A. K., & Barnes-Farrell, J. (2014). Chronic illness in the workplace: Stigma, identity threat, and strain. Stress & Health, 30, 310–321. doi:10.1002/smi.2518
McGonagle, A. K., Beatty, J. E., & Joffe, R. (2014). Coaching for workers with chronic illness: Evaluating an intervention. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 385–398. doi:10.1037/a0036601
McGonagle, A. K., & Hamblin, I. (2014). Proactive responding to anticipated discrimination based on chronic illness: Double-edged sword? Journal of Business and Psychology, 29, 427–442.
McLaughlin, M. E., Bell, M. P., & Stringer, D. Y. (2004). Stigma and acceptance of persons with disabilities: Understudied aspects of workforce diversity. Group & Organization Management, 29(3), 302–333. doi:10.1177/1059601103257410
Moorhead, C. (1999). Queering identities: The roles of integrity and belonging in becoming ourselves. Journal of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity, 4, 327–343.
Munir, F., Yarker, J., & Haslam, C. (2007). Use of prescribed medication at work in employees with chronic illness. Occupational Medicine, 57(7), 480–487. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqm058.
Munir, F., Yarker, J., Haslam, C., Long, H., Leka, S., Griffiths, A., et al. (2007). Work factors related to psychological and health-related distress among employees with chronic illnesses. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 17(2), 259–277. doi:10.1007/s10926-007-9074-3.
Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 328–345.
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Pinder, R. (1995). Bringing back the body without the blame?: The experience of ill and disabled people at work. Sociology of Health & Illness, 17, 605–631.
Ragins, B. R. (2008). Disclosure disconnects: Antecedents and consequences of disclosing invisible stigmas across life domains. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 194–215.
Ragins, B. R., Singh, R., & Cornwall, J. M. (2007). Making the invisible visible: Fear and disclosure of sexual orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1103–1118.
Rao, D., Choi, S. W., Victorson, D., Bode, R., Peterman, A., Heinemann, A., et al. (2009). Measuring stigma across neurological conditions: The development of the stigma scale for chronic illness (SSCI). Quality of Life Research, 18(5), 585–595. doi:10.1007/s11136-009-9475-1
Register, C. (1987). Living with chronic illness: Days of patience and passion. New York: Free Press.
Royer, A. (1998). Life with chronic illness: Social and psychological dimensions. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Scambler, G. (2004). Re-framing stigma: Felt and enacted stigma and challenges to the sociology of chronic and disabling conditions. Social Theory and Health, 2(1968), 29–46. doi:10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700012
Scambler, G., & Hopkins, A. (1986). Being epileptic: Coming to terms with stigma. Sociology of Health and Illness, 8, 26–43.
Scheid, T. L. (2005). Stigma as a barrier to employment: Mental disability and the Americans with Disabilities Act. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28(6), 670–690. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2005.04.003
Schneider, J. W., & Conrad, P. (1980). In the closet with illness: Epilepsy, stigma potential, and information control. Social Problems, 28, 32–44.
Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). The hidden costs of hidden stigma. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. H. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 220–241). New York: Guilford Press.
Swann, W. B. J. (1987). Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1038–1051.
Swanson, J. L., Daniels, K. K., & Tokar, D. M. (1996). Assessing perceptions of career-related barriers: The Career Barriers Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(2), 219–244. doi:10.1177/106907279600400207
Tewksbury, R., & McGaughey, D. (1998). Identities and identity transformations among persons with HIV disease. Journal of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity, 3, 213–232.
Tu, H., & Cohen, G. (2009). Financial and health burdens of chronic conditions grow. Washington, DC: Center for Studying Health System Change.
Vickers, M. H. (2003). Expectations of consistency in organizational life: Stories of inconsistency from people with unseen chronic illness. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 15(2), 85–98.
Weiner, B., Perry, R. P., & Magnusson, J. (1988). An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 738–748.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Beatty, J. (2018). Chronic Illness Stigma and Its Relevance in the Workplace. In: Thomson, S., Grandy, G. (eds) Stigmas, Work and Organizations . Palgrave Explorations in Workplace Stigma. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56476-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56476-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-57571-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-56476-4
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)