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Histories and Perspectives in Media and Politics

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The Tories and Television, 1951-1964

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media ((PSHM))

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Abstract

Chapter 2 outlines some of the relevant literatures and historiography associated with the study of politics and media. The chapter aims to present key theoretical and historical perspectives which can help further an understanding of the role of television, as a new medium, in the Conservative Party, during the period 1951–64. Key chapter themes include Britain’s changing social class, movements and structures, developments in democracy, enfranchisement, political parties and media, relationships between party leaders and new media throughout the ages, tensions between broadcasting regulation and freedom, micro and macro cultural contexts, drivers of party change, party models and party organization theories. The chapter concludes that examining the impact of technocultural drivers of change in political organization, across a significant period of time, can help join some of the dots in the historiography.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See, for example, Stuart Ball, The Conservative Party since 1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998) (Ball 1998); Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), Recovering Power: The Conservatives in Opposition since 1867 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) (Ball and Seldon 2005); and John Charmley, A History of Conservative Politics since 1830 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) (Charmley 2008).

  2. 2.

    Chrysa Lamprinakou, ‘The Party Evolution Model: An Integrated Approach to Party Organization and Political Communication’, Politics, 28(2) (2008): 103–111, 103 (Lamprinakou 2008).

  3. 3.

    For a study of the Conservatives that takes a similar approach, see, Timothy Heppell, Choosing the Tory Leader: Conservative Party Leadership Election from Heath to Cameron (London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008) (Heppell 2008). For a cultural history of television and film, see, Su Holmes, British TV and Film Culture in the 1950s: Coming to a TV Near You (Bristol: Intellectual Books, 2005) (Holmes 2005).

  4. 4.

    Jon Lawrence, Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) (Lawrence 2009).

  5. 5.

    Adrian Bingham and Martin Conboy, Tabloid Century: The Popular Press in Britain, 1896 to the Present (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2015) (Bingham and Conboy 2015).

  6. 6.

    Ibid., pp. 78–9 (Bingham and Conboy 2015).

  7. 7.

    Ibid., pp. 79–81 (Bingham and Conboy 2015).

  8. 8.

    Ibid., pp. 92–5 (Bingham and Conboy 2015).

  9. 9.

    See, for example, Sian Nicholas, ‘The Construction of a National Identity: Stanley Baldwin, “Englishness” and the Mass Media in Interwar Britain’, in Martin Francis and Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (eds.) The Conservatives and British Society, 1880–1990 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996), pp. 127–46 (Nicholas 1996).

  10. 10.

    Andrew Taylor, ‘Speaking to Democracy: The Conservative Party and Mass Opinion from the 1920s to the 1950s’, in Stuart Ball and Ian Holliday (eds.) Mass Conservatism: The Conservatives and the Public since 1880s (London: Frank Case, 2002), pp. 78–99, 79 (Taylor 2002).

  11. 11.

    Michael Kandiah, ‘The Conservative Party’s 1997 Party Election Broadcasts in Historical Context’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 17(4) (1997): 459–62 (Kandiah 1997).

  12. 12.

    Tim Bale, The Conservatives since 1945, The Drivers of Party Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 54 (Bale 2012).

  13. 13.

    Richard Cockett, ‘The Party, Publicity, and the Media’, in Anthony Seldon and Stuart Ball (eds.) Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 547–78, p. 565 (Cockett 1994).

  14. 14.

    Andrew Crisell, An Introductory History of British Broadcasting (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 172 (Crisell 1997).

  15. 15.

    Colin Seymour-Ure, The British Press and Broadcasting since 1945 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996) (Seymour-Ure 1996).

  16. 16.

    Ibid., p.159 (Seymour-Ure 1996).

  17. 17.

    Ibid. (Seymour-Ure 1996).

  18. 18.

    Anthony Ridge-Newman, Cameron’s Conservatives and the Internet: Change, Culture and Cyber Toryism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) (Ridge-Newman 2014).

  19. 19.

    Ralph Negrine, The Transformation of Political Communication: Continuities and Changes in Media and Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), p. xii (Negrine 2008).

  20. 20.

    Martin Moore, The Origins of Modern Spin: Democratic Government and the Media in Britain, 1945–51 (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 1 (Moore 2006).

  21. 21.

    Ibid., pp. 68–70 (Moore 2006).

  22. 22.

    T. J. Hollins, ‘The Conservative Party and Film Propaganda between the Wars’ English Historical Review, 96(379) (1981): 359–69 (Hollins 1981).

  23. 23.

    Moore, Spin, p. 1 (Moore 2006).

  24. 24.

    Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom Volume IV: Sound and Vision (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 4 (Briggs 1979).

  25. 25.

    Cockett, ‘Publicity’, p. 565 (Cockett 1994).

  26. 26.

    See, for example, T. J. Hollins, ‘Film’ (Hollins 1981); and John Ramsden, ‘Baldwin and Film’, in N. Pronay and D. W. Spring (eds.) Politics, Propaganda and Film 1918–45 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1982) (Ramsden 1982).

  27. 27.

    Michael Kandiah, ‘Television Enters British Politics: The Conservative Party’s Central Office and Political Broadcasting, 1945–55’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 15(2) (1995): 265–84 (Kandiah 1995).

  28. 28.

    Ibid., p. 265 (Kandiah 1995).

  29. 29.

    Ibid., p. 278 (Kandiah 1995).

  30. 30.

    Mark Jarvis, Conservative Governments, Morality and Social Change in Affluent Britain, 1957–64 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), Chapter 7 (Jarvis 2005).

  31. 31.

    Ibid., p. 153 (Jarvis 2005).

  32. 32.

    Briggs, Volume IV (Briggs 1979); and Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Volume V: Competition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) (Briggs 1995).

  33. 33.

    Burton Paulu, British Broadcasting in Transition (London: Macmillan, 1961) (Paulu 1961); and Paulu, Television and Radio in the United Kingdom (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981) (Paulu 1981).

  34. 34.

    H. H. Wilson, Pressure Group: The Campaign for Commercial Television (London: Martin Secker, 1961) (Wilson 1961).

  35. 35.

    Ibid., p 213 (Wilson 1961).

  36. 36.

    Robert Dillon, History on British Television: Constructing Nation, Nationality and Collective Memory (New York: Manchester University Press, 2010) (Dillon 2010).

  37. 37.

    Bernard Sendall, Volume 2: Expansion and Change 1958–68 (London: Macmillan, 1983), pp. 85–7 (Sendall 1983).

  38. 38.

    Benjamin Peters and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, ‘New Media’, in Peter Simonson, Janice Peck, Robert Craig and John Jackson (eds.) The Handbook of Communication History (Abingdon, Routledge, 2013) pp. 257–71 (Peters and Nielsen 2013).

  39. 39.

    Paulu, Television (Paulu 1981).

  40. 40.

    Briggs, Volume IV (Briggs 1979).

  41. 41.

    Laura Beers, ‘Labour’s Britain, Fight for it Now!’, The Historical Journal, 52(3) (2009): 667–95 (Beers 2009).

  42. 42.

    Stuart Ball, ‘Local Conservatism and the Evolution of the Party Organisation’, in Anthony Seldon and Stuart Ball (eds.) The Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 261–311 (Ball 1994).

  43. 43.

    Beers, ‘Fight’, p. 667 (Beers 2009).

  44. 44.

    Briggs, Volume V, p. 9. (Briggs 1995).

  45. 45.

    Michele Hilmes (ed.), The Television History Book (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 7. (Hilmes 2003).

  46. 46.

    Briggs, Volume V, p. 9 (Briggs 1995).

  47. 47.

    Jarvis, Morality, p. 123 (Jarvis 2005).

  48. 48.

    Milly Buonanno, The Age of Television: Experiences and Theories (Bristol: Intellect Books, 2008), p. 13 (Buonanno 2008).

  49. 49.

    James Curran, Media and Power (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 4 (Curran 2002).

  50. 50.

    Ridge-Newman, Cyber Toryism (Ridge-Newman 2014).

  51. 51.

    See, John Thompson, The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003) (Thompson 2003); and Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 89 (Geertz 1973).

  52. 52.

    ‘Kulturkampf’ is a term used by early anthropologist Rudolf Virchow. See Christopher Clarke and Wolfram Kaiser (eds.), Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth Century Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) (Clarke and Kaiser 2003).

  53. 53.

    Pierre Bourdieu, ‘Introduction’, in John Thompson (ed.) Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), p. 181 (Bourdieu 1991).

  54. 54.

    Negrine, Transformation (Negrine 2008).

  55. 55.

    Ibid. (Negrine 2008)

  56. 56.

    Stuart Ball, ‘The Conservative Party since 1900: A Bibliography’, in Anthony Seldon and Stuart Ball (eds.) The Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 742–47 (Ball 1994).

  57. 57.

    John Ramsden, The Age of Balfour and Baldwin 1902–40 (London: Longman, 1978) (Ramsden 1978).

  58. 58.

    John Ramsden, The Organisation of the Conservative and Unionist Party in Britain, 1910–1930. Doctoral Thesis, University of Oxford (1974) (Ramsden 1974).

  59. 59.

    See, for example, Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), Recovering Power: The Conservatives in Opposition since 1867 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) (Ball and Seldon,); and Ball, ‘The legacy of Coalition: Fear and Loathing in Conservative Politics, 1922–1931’, Contemporary British History, 25(1) (2011): 65–82 (Ball 2011).

  60. 60.

    See, for example, Tim Bale, The Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011) (Bale 2011); Bale, ‘Wither the Tory Left? The Demise of Progressive Conservatism’, Juncture, 19(2) (2012): 84–91 (Bale 2012).

  61. 61.

    See, for example, Andrew Gamble, The Conservative Nation (London: Routledge, 1974) (Gamble 1974); and Gamble, ‘The Conservative Party’, in H. M. Drucker (ed.) Multi-Party Britain (London: Macmillan, 1979), pp. 25–53 (Gamble 1979).

  62. 62.

    See, for example, Timothy Heppell, The Conservative Party Leadership of John Major 1992 to 1997 (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 2006) (Heppell 2006); Heppell and S. Lightfoot, ‘ “We will not balance the books on the backs of the poorest people in the world” Understanding Conservative Party Strategy on International Aid’, Political Quarterly, 83(1) (2012): 130–38 (Heppell and Lightfoot 2012).

  63. 63.

    See, for example, Philip Norton (ed.), The Conservative Party (London: Prentice-Hall, 1996) (Norton 1996); Philip Cowley and Norton, ‘Rebels and Rebellions: Conservative MPs in the 1992 Parliament’, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 1(1) (1999): 84–105 (Cowley and Norton 1999); and Norton, ‘The Conservative Party: The Politics of Panic’, in J. Bartle and A. Kings (eds.) Britain at the Polls 2005 (Washington: CQ Press, 2006), pp. 31–53 (Norton 2006).

  64. 64.

    See, for example, Anthony Seldon, The Conservative Party since 1945 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991) (Seldon 1991); and Seldon and Daniel Collings, Britain Under Thatcher (London: Pearson Education, 2000) (Seldon and Collings 2000).

  65. 65.

    See, for example, Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front 1900–1955 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992) (Addison 1992); Henry Pelling, Winston Churchill (London: Macmillan, 1974) (Pelling 1974); Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (London: Heinemann, 1991) (Gilbert 1991); and Robert Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill (London: WM Collins, 1979) (Blake 1979).

  66. 66.

    See, for example, Jorgen Ramussen, ‘Party Discipline in Wartime: The Downfall of the Chamberlain Government’, Journal of Politics, 32 (1970) (Ramussen 1970); Kevin Jefferys, ‘May 1940: The Downfall of Neville Chamberlain’, Parliamentary History, 10 (1991) (Jefferys 1991); and Anthony Seldon, Churchill’s Indian Summer: The Conservative Government 1951–55 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1981) (Seldon 1981).

  67. 67.

    Ball, ‘Bibliography’, p. 733 (Ball 1994).

  68. 68.

    See, for example, Sidney Aster, Anthony Eden (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1981) (Aster 1976); David Carlton, Anthony Eden (London: Allen Lane, 1981) (Carlton 1981); Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1986) (Rhodes 1986); Victor Rothwell, Anthony Eden: A Political Biography 1931–57 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992) (Rothwell 1992); D. R. Thorpe, Eden, the Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl of Avon, 1897–1977 (London: Chatto & Windus, 2003) (Thorpe 2003).

  69. 69.

    D. R. Thorpe, Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan (London: Chatto & Windus, 2010) (Thorpe 2010).

  70. 70.

    Alistair Horne, Macmillan: The Official Biography (London: Pan Macmillan, 2008) (Horne 2008).

  71. 71.

    John Ramsden, The Age of Churchill & Eden, 1940–1957: A History of the Conservative Party (Harlow: Longman, 1995) (Ramsden 1995); and Ramsden, Winds of Change: Macmillan to Heath, 1957–1975: A History of the Conservative Party (New York: Longman, 1996) (Ramsden 1996).

  72. 72.

    Cockett, ‘Publicity’, p. 547 (Cockett 1994).

  73. 73.

    See, Brendan Evans and Andrew Taylor, From Salisbury to Major: Continuity and change in Conservative Politics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996) (Evans and Taylor 1996).

  74. 74.

    Robert Harmel, Uk Heo, Alexander Tan and Kenneth Janda, ‘Performance, Leadership, Factions and Party Change: An Empirical Analysis’, West European Politics, 18(1) (1995): 1–33 (Harmel 1995); and Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) (Panebianco 1988).

  75. 75.

    Bale, Drivers (Bale 2012).

  76. 76.

    Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organisation and Activity in the Modern State (London: Methuen, 1964) (Duverger 1964).

  77. 77.

    Samuel P. Huntington, ‘Political Development and Political Decay’, World Politics, 17(3) (1965): 386–430 (Huntington 1965).

  78. 78.

    Mark Low, The Evolution of the Conservative Party Organisation: Renewal and Recharacterisation of Local Autonomy. Doctoral Thesis, University of Sheffield (2009), p. I (Low 2009).

  79. 79.

    See, Evans and Taylor, Continuity (Evans and Taylor 1996).

  80. 80.

    Duverger, Parties (Duverger 1964).

  81. 81.

    A. Ware, Political Parties and Party Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.87 (Ware 1995).

  82. 82.

    Otto Kirchheimer, ‘The Transformation of West European Party Systems’, in L. LaPalonbara and M. Weiner (eds.) Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 87–118 (Kirchheimer 1966).

  83. 83.

    Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organisation and Power (Cambridge: Press Syndicate, 1988) (Panebianco 1988).

  84. 84.

    Richard Katz and Peter Mair, ‘Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party’, Party Politics, 1(1) (1995): 5–28 (Katz and Mair 1995).

  85. 85.

    Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997) (Mair 1997).

  86. 86.

    See, for example, P. Mair and I. van Bienzen, ‘Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980–2000’, Party Politics, 7(1) (2001): 5–21 (Mair and van Bienzen 2001).

  87. 87.

    See, Helen Margetts, ‘The Cyber Party’, in Richard Katz and William Crotty (eds.) Handbook of Party Politics (London: Sage, 2006), pp. 528–35 (Margetts 2006). See, Stuart Ball, ‘Local Conservatism and the Evolution of the Party Organisation’, in Anthony Seldon and Stuart Ball (eds.) The Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 261–311, p. 293 (Ball 1994).

  88. 88.

    Leon Epstein, Political Parties in Western Democracies (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967) (Epstein 1967); Robert Michels, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy (New York: The Free Press, 1962) (Michels 1962).

  89. 89.

    See, Ball, ‘Bibliography’, pp. 742–7 (Ball 1994).

  90. 90.

    A. Potter, ‘British Party Organisation 1950’, Political Science Quarterly, 66(1) (1951): 65–86 (Potter 1951).

  91. 91.

    Robert McKenzie, British Political Parties: The Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties (London: Heinemann, 1963), p. 291 (McKenzie 1963).

  92. 92.

    Michels, Oligarchical (Michels 1962).

  93. 93.

    Richard Rose, The Problem of Party Government (London: Pelican, 1976), p. 154 (Rose 1976).

  94. 94.

    Andrew Taylor, ‘Preface’, in Timothy Heppell (ed.), Choosing the Tory Leader: Conservative Party Leadership Elections from Heath to Cameron (London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008), p. xiii (Taylor 2008).

  95. 95.

    Martin Francis, ‘ “Set the People Free?”, Conservatives and the State, 1920–1960’ in Martin Francis and Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (eds.) The Conservatives and British Society, 1880–1990 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996), p. 58 (Francis 1996); see, also, Jarvis, Morality (Jarvis 2005).

  96. 96.

    Taylor, ‘Preface’ (Taylor 2008).

  97. 97.

    John Charmley, History of Conservative Politics 1900–1996 (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 1 (Charmley 1996).

  98. 98.

    Philip Norton and Arthur Aughey, Conservatives and Conservatism (London: Temple Smith, 1981). p. 16 (Norton and Aughey 1981).

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  1. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

    Anthony Ridge-Newman

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Ridge-Newman, A. (2017). Histories and Perspectives in Media and Politics. In: The Tories and Television, 1951-1964. Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56254-8_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56254-8_2

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