Abstract
In this chapter I explore some of the ethical questions posed by dark tourism and the spectacle of suffering, via two examples. One is of Ai Weiwei’s temporary exhibition on Alcatraz, which juxtaposes extraordinary conceptual art installations in one of the major sites of prison tourism, to explore the relationships between art and activism in carceral space. The second is the display of genocidal evidence at both the Khmer Rouge “security centre” code-named S-21, which was a former high school in Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, and the “Killing Fields” of Choeung Ek, ten miles east of the capital, where prisoners were taken to be executed. Recognizing that dark tourism involves a “fluid spectrum of intensity” (Stone 2006: 146), the museum experience is nevertheless central to it where representations of death, disaster, or atrocity are displayed for an uneasy mix of education, commerce, and memorialization purposes. At the lighter end of the scale are those sites loosely associated with violence and trauma, examples of which would include the London Dungeon or the proposed Dracula theme park in Romania, which are “firmly entertainment focussed and commercialized,” while toward the middle of the range and combining “education and entertainment” are prison tourist sites, whereas the “darkest” places (such as Holocaust museums) are locations that “can invoke sombre reflection, grief, sorrow, shock and horror” (Barton and Brown 2015: 238).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
This work was supported by a Leverhulme Trust Major Research Fellowship, MRF-2014-052.
References
Alpers, Svetlana. 1991. The Museum as a Way of Seeing. In Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display, eds. Ivan Karp and Steven Lavine. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Barton, Alana, and Alyson Brown. 2015. Show Me the Prison: The Development of Prison Tourism in Britain. Crime, Media, Culture 11/3: 237–258.
Bloch, Marc. 1967. Land and Work in Mediaeval Europe: Selected Papers. London: Routledge.
Carrabine, Eamonn. 2011. The Iconography of Punishment: Execution Prints and the Death Penalty. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 50/5: 452–464.
Carrabine, Eamonn. 2016. Picture This: Criminology, Image and Narrative. Crime, Media, Culture 12/2: 253–270.
Chandler, David. 2000. Voices from S-21: Terror and History in Pol Pot’s Secret Prison, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Chandler, David. 2008. Cambodia Deals with Its Past: Collective Memory, Demonisation and Induced Amnesia. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 9/2–3: 355–369.
Dalton, Derek. 2015. Dark Tourism and Crime. London: Routledge.
Gould, Mary R. 2014. Return to Alcatraz: Dark Tourism and the Representation of Prison History. In Death Tourism: Disaster Sites as Recreational Landscape, ed. Brigitte Sion. London: Seagull.
Halbwachs, Maurice. 1925/1992. On Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Heavican, Nick. 2011. Photo Essay: Ghosts of the Khmer Rouge. Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism and Development 2/1: 9–13.
Holliday, Ruth. 2000. We’ve been Framed: Visualising Methodology. Sociological Review 48/4: 503–521.
Hoskins, Andrew. 2003. Signs of the Holocaust: Exhibiting Memory in a Mediated Age. Media, Culture & Society 25/1: 7–22.
Hughes, Rachel. 2003. The Abject Artefacts of Memory: Photographs from Cambodia’s Genocide. Media, Culture & Society 25/1: 23–44.
Hughes, Rachel. 2004. Memory and Sovereignty in Post-1979 Cambodia: Choeung Ek and Local Genocide Memorials. In Genocide Studies Monograph Series, ed. Susan Cook, 1, 269–292.
Hughes, Robert. 1991. The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change. London: Thames & Hudson.
Huyssen, Andreas. 1994. Monument and Memory in a Postmodern World. In The Art of Memory: Holocaust Memorials in History, ed. James E. Young. Munich: Prestel Verlag.
Huyssen, Andreas. 1995. Twilight Memories: Marking Time in a Culture of Amnesia. London: Routledge.
Kaye, Nick. 2000. Site-Specific Art: Performance, Place and Documentation. London: Routledge.
Keil, Chris. 2005. Sightseeing in the Mansions of the Dead. Social & Cultural Geography 6/4: 479–494.
Kiernan, Ben. 1996. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lennon, John, and Malcolm Foley, eds. 2000. Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster. London: Continuum.
Loo, Tina, and Carolyn Strange. 2000. ‘Rock Prison of Liberation’: Alcatraz Island and the American Imagination. Radical History Review 78: 27–56.
Malraux, André. 1967. Museum without Walls. London: Secker & Warburg.
Perry, Gill. 2012. Border Crossings: Installations, Locations and Travelling Artists. In Art & Visual Culture 1850–2010: Modernity to Globalisation, eds. Steve Edwards and Paul Wood. London: Tate.
Olcese, Cristiana, and Mike Savage. 2015. Notes Towards a ‘Social Aesthetic’: Guest Editors’ Introduction to the Special Section. British Journal of Sociology 66/4: 720–737.
Rose, Gillian. 2014. On the Relation between ‘Visual Research Methods’ and Contemporary Visual Culture. The Sociological Review 62/1: 24–46.
Seaton, Anthony. 1996. Guided by the Dark: From Thanatopsis to Thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies 2/4: 234–244.
Seaton, Anthony. 2009. Thanatourism and Its Discontents: An Appraisal of a Decade’s Work with Some Future Issues and Direction. In The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies, eds. Tazim Jamal and Mike Robinson. London: Sage.
Shawcross, William. 2002. Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia. New York: Cooper Square Press.
Schulze, Rainer. 2014. Resisting Holocaust Tourism: The New Gedenkstätte at Bergen-Belsen, Germany. In Death Tourism: Disaster Sites as Recreational Landscape, ed. Brigitte Sion. London: Seagull.
Sion, Brigitte. 2014. Conflicting Sites of Memory in Post-Genocide Camboduia. In Death Tourism: Disaster Sites as Recreational Landscape, ed. B. Sion. London: Seagull.
Stone, Philip. 2006. A Dark Tourism Spectrum: Towards a Typology of Death and Macabre Related Tourist Sites, Attractions and Exhibitions. Tourism 54/22: 145–160.
Stone, Philip. 2013. Dark Tourism and Significant Other Death: Towards a Model of Mortality Mediation. Annals of Tourism Research 39/3: 1565–1587.
Strange, Carolyn, and Michael Kempa. 2003. Shades of Dark Tourism: Alcatraz and Robben Island. Annals of Tourism Research 30/2: 386–405.
Thornton, Sarah. 2014. 33 Artists in 3 Acts. London: Granta.
Tyner, James, and Christabel Devadoss. 2014. Administrative Violence, Prison Geographies and the Photographs of Tuol Sleng Security Center, Cambodia. Area 46/4: 361–368.
Urry, John. 1990. The Tourist Gaze. London: Sage.
Welch, Michael. 2012. Penal Tourism and the ‘Dream of Order’: Exhibiting Early Penology in Argentina and Australia. Punishment & Society 14/5: 584–615.
Welch, Michael. 2013. Penal Tourism and a Tale of Four Cities: Reflecting on the Museum Effect in London, Sydney, Melbourne, and Buenos Aires. Criminology & Criminal Justice 13/5: 479–505.
Welch, Michael. 2015. Escape to Prison: Penal Tourism and the Pull of Punishment. New York: New York University Press.
Welch, Michael, and Melissa Macuare. 2011. Penal Tourism in Argentina: Bridging Foucauldian and Neo-Durkheimian Perspectives. Theoretical Criminology 15/4: 401–425.
Williams, Paul. 2004. Witnessing Genocide: Vigilance and Remembrance at Tuol Sleng and Choeung Ek. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 18/2: 234–254.
Williams, Paul. 2007. Memorial Museums: The Global Rush to Commemorate Atrocities, Oxford: Berg.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carrabine, E. (2017). Iconic Power, Dark Tourism, and the Spectacle of Suffering. In: Wilson, J., Hodgkinson, S., Piché, J., Walby, K. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Tourism. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56135-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56135-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-56134-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-56135-0
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)