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‘Frightened and Rather Feverish’: The Fear of Pain in Childbirth

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Fear in the Medical and Literary Imagination, Medieval to Modern

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine ((PLSM))

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Abstract

Fear of labour pains was a common emotion for pregnant women. Despite the fact that anaesthetics and analgesics to alleviate the pain were in use from 1847, women continued to suffer pain in childbirth. This was not due to lack of demand, nor can it be explained in terms of indifference to women’s safety or to risks. Rather, parsimonious use of anaesthetics and analgesics for birthing women were due to societal ideas about the physiological, religious, and moral value of pain. This only changed with the rise of pronatalist anxieties, hospital obstetrics, increased awareness that relief was available and was being withheld, the development of the welfare state, compromises between the professional rivalries of obstetricians and midwives, and the ascendance of psychological understandings of the body.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Letters to Will Barkas, Charles Barkas, his mother, and Dr. W. J. Barkas, on August 26, September 3, September 5–6, September 17, and the October 3, 1889, in “Some Memoirs of a Mediocrity. 1887 to 1890. Marriage Fiji [sic] and the Birth of the Wonderful Child Mary.” Rushton Barkas, in “Frederick Barkas Papers,” vol. 5, in Alexander Turnbull Library (Wellington, New Zealand), MS-Papers-2491.

  2. 2.

    John Elam, “[Letter to the Editor] Relief from Pain in Obstetrics,” British Medical Journal (December 27, 1947): 1055.

  3. 3.

    Hannah Mitchell, The Hard Way Up: The Autobiography of Hannah Mitchell, Suffragette and Rebel (London: Faber and Faber, 1968), 101–2.

  4. 4.

    Royal College of Obstetricians, Maternity in Great Britain. A Survey of Social and Economic Aspects of Pregnancy and Childbirth Undertaken by a Joint Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Population Investigation Committee (London: Oxford University Press, 1948), 80.

  5. 5.

    Hilary Marland, “At Home with Puerperal Mania: The Domestic Treatment of the Insanity of Childbirth in the Nineteenth Century,” in Outside the Walls of the Asylum. The History of Care in the Community, 1750–2000, ed. Peter Bartlett and David Wright (London: The Athlone Press, 1999), 51.

  6. 6.

    Walter Channing, A Treatise on Etherization in Childbirth. Illustrated by Five Hundred and Eighty-One Cases (Boston: William D. Ticknor and Co., 1848), 136–37.

  7. 7.

    Dame A. Louise McIIlroy, “Analgesia and Anæsthesia in Childbirth,” The Canadian Medical Association Journal 24, no. 1 (January 1931): 21.

  8. 8.

    Charles Kidd, “On Chloroform and Some of Its Clinical Uses,” London Medical Review or Monthly Journal of Medical and Surgical Science II (1862): 244.

  9. 9.

    Letter from Silas Weir Mitchell to Captain H. M. Naglee, dated January 1, 1856, in the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, MSS 2/0241-03.

  10. 10.

    John Elam, “[Letter to the Editor] Gas and Air Analgesia in Labour,” British Medical Journal (September 7, 1945): 473.

  11. 11.

    Letter to James Young Simpson from a doctor in Philadelphia, dated February 18, 1848, in the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, JYS 197.

  12. 12.

    McIlroy, “Analgesia and Anæsthesia in Childbirth,” 26.

  13. 13.

    S. D. Heinze and M. J. Sleigh, “Epidural or No Epidural Anaesthesia: Relationships Between Beliefs About Childbirth and Pain Control Choices,” Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 21, no. 4 (2003): 324.

  14. 14.

    Royal College of Obstetricians, Maternity in Great Britain, 84.

  15. 15.

    “Results of the Use of Chloroform in 9000 Cases at St. Batholomew’s Hospital,” The Monthly Journal of Medical Science xii (February 1851): 192. He is arguing against this proposition.

  16. 16.

    For a discussion, see Anita Clair Fellman and Michael Fellman, “Ether’s Veil,” Reviews in American History 14, no. 2 (June 1986): 260.

  17. 17.

    Samuel Warren, Passage from the Diary of a Late Physician, 3rd ed. (London: William Blackwood, 1834), 42.

  18. 18.

    Edward Henry Sieveking, “Observations on the Etiology of Pain,” British Medical Journal 1, no. 319 (February 9, 1867): 131–33.

  19. 19.

    Simpson, letter from a doctor in Philadelphia, dated February 18, 1848, in the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, JYS 197.

  20. 20.

    James Cook, “[Letter to the Editor] Pain in Childbirth,” British Medical Journal 1.4608 (April 30, 1949): 781.

  21. 21.

    Unnamed clergyman cited by James Young Simpson in a draft letter to Dr. Protheroe Smith in 1848, in the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh archives, JYS 232.

  22. 22.

    Cited by Rev. Eugene Tesson, “Analgesics and Christian Reflection,” in New Problems in Medical Ethics, ed. Dom Peter Flood and trans. from the French, 3rd Series (Cork: The Mercier Press Ltd., 1956), 248. Also see Rev. John Bruce, Sympathy; or the Mourner Advised and Consoled (London: Hamilton, Adams and Co. and Westley and David, 1829), 12.

  23. 23.

    James Young Simpson in a draft letter to Dr. Protheroe Smith in 1848, in the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh archives, JYS 232.

  24. 24.

    John Gardner, Serious Thoughts for the Time of Child-Bearing and Child-Birth (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1874), 25–26.

  25. 25.

    J. Whitridge Williams, Obstetrics: A Text-Book for the Use of Students and Practitioners (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1903), 291.

  26. 26.

    Elam, “Gas and Air Analgesia in Labour,” 473.

  27. 27.

    Gardner, Serious Thoughts, 30–31.

  28. 28.

    Prayers for Women at the Time of Childbirth (London: S. P. C. K., 1870).

  29. 29.

    Maria Eliza Rundell, “Papers,” 1810, Wellcome Collection WMS2 MS. 7106.

  30. 30.

    William Buchan, Advice to Mothers, On the Subject of Their Own Health and on the Means of Promoting the Health , Strength and Beauty, of Their Offspring (London: T. Cadell and W. Davues, 1803), 86.

  31. 31.

    Walter Keighley, A New System of Family Medicine . For the Use of Midwives, Mothers, and Nurses; Also, a Complete Treatise on the Management and Diseases of Children (London: B. Crosby, 1806), 91.

  32. 32.

    “A New Literary Institute at Seaham,” The Hampshire Advertiser (January 13, 1855), 3.

  33. 33.

    Joyce Storey, The House in South Road. An Autobiography, ed. Pat Thorne (London: Virago, 2004), 181–82 and 322–23.

  34. 34.

    Isabel Hutton, Memories of a Doctor in War and Peace (London: Heinemann, 1960), 61.

  35. 35.

    Royal College of Obstetricians, Maternity in Great Britain, 83.

  36. 36.

    Eugene N. Marais, The Soul of the White Ant, trans. Winifred De Kok (London: Methuen and Co., 1937), 111.

  37. 37.

    J. A. Hadfield, “[Letter to the Editor] Pain in Childbirth,” British Medical Journal (June 12, 1948): 115.

  38. 38.

    “Mother Love May Be Lost,” The Courier and Advertiser (June 11, 1948): 3.

  39. 39.

    Gwendoline Rowntree, “[Letter to the Editor] Pain in Childbirth,” British Medical Journal (June 26, 1948): 1255.

  40. 40.

    Margaret Puxon, “[Letter to the Editor] Pain in Childbirth,” British Medical Journal (June 26, 1948): 1255–56.

  41. 41.

    Archibald H. Galley, “[Letter to the Editor] Pain in Childbirth,” British Medical Journal (June 26, 1948): 1256.

  42. 42.

    F. R. Craddock, “[Letter to the Editor] Pain in Childbirth,” British Medical Journal (July 3, 1948): 50.

  43. 43.

    Grantly Dick Read, Natural Childbirth (London: William Heinemann, 1933), 37.

  44. 44.

    Read, Natural Childbirth, 39 and 42.

  45. 45.

    George Clark Mosher, “Ten Years of Painless Childbirth,” The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology iii (January–June 1922): 143.

  46. 46.

    “Old Wives’ Tales Cut Birthrate,” The Argus [Melbourne] (July 20, 1950): 3. Also see “Wives’ Fears Worry Medical Men,” The Argus [Melbourne] (July 21, 1950): 5.

  47. 47.

    “Methods of Anæthesia During Labour,” The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynæcology of the British Empire xxxi (1924): 327.

  48. 48.

    K. D. Salzmann, “[Letter to the Editor] Women in Labour,” British Medical Journal (May 26, 1945): 748. Also see “Derby and Joan,” Derby Evening Telegraph (October 9, 1944): 3.

  49. 49.

    “Anæsthesia in Labour with Special Reference to Narcyl,” The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynæcology of the British Empire xxxvi (1929): 886.

  50. 50.

    “Analgesia During Labour,” The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynæcology of the British Empire xxxvi (1929): 631.

  51. 51.

    “Scopolamine-Morphine Anæsthesia in Labour,” The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynæcology of the British Empire xviii (July–December 1910): 409.

  52. 52.

    Bertha Van Hoost, “Post-Operative Analgesia,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal clxxx, no. 20 (May 15, 1919): 558.

  53. 53.

    John Elam, “The Advantages of Nitrous Oxide and Air Analgesia in the Midwifery of General and Hospital Practice,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 3860 (December 26, 1934): 1196.

  54. 54.

    Edward A. Schumann, A Textbook of Obstetrics (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1936), 231.

  55. 55.

    Eric Coldrey, “[Letter to the Editor] Women in Labour,” British Medical Journal (June 30, 1945): 925.

  56. 56.

    “Anæesthetics on Childbirth,” Gloucestershire Echo (August 21, 1942): 5.

  57. 57.

    K. K. Conrad, “Statistical Analysis of Some Replies to the Questionaries [sic],” British Medical Journal (February 26, 1949): 333–35.

  58. 58.

    “Population Problems,” 1944, Mass Observation Online, http://www.massobservation.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/POPULATION-PROBLEMS/FileReport-2111. Report based on 100 letters sent to the Radio Doctor in January 1944 and 100 letters sent to the Radio Doctor in March 1943.

  59. 59.

    Two women cited in “The Reluctant Stork/Empty Quivers,” in Mass Observation Online (November 5, 1944), http://www.massobservation.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Preview-FileReports.

  60. 60.

    Royal College of Obstetricians, Maternity in Great Britain, 83.

  61. 61.

    Royal College of Obstetricians, Maternity in Great Britain, 82–83.

  62. 62.

    McIlroy, “Analgesia and Anæsthesia in Childbirth,” 26.

  63. 63.

    Angela Hefferman, “[Letter to the Editor] Women in Labour,” British Medical Journal (May 26, 1945): 748.

  64. 64.

    Dr. Elizabeth A. Nuttell, “Relief of Pain in Midwifery,” British Medical Journal (February 28, 1948): 418.

  65. 65.

    Royal College of Obstetricians, Maternity in Great Britain, 78.

  66. 66.

    “Bevan Uproar on Women’s Bill,” The Courier and Adviser (March 16, 1949): 3.

  67. 67.

    “Bevan Uproar on Women’s Bill,” 3.

  68. 68.

    Speech by Leah Manning, reported in “M.P.s Press for Relief from Pain in Childbirth,” The Daily Mail (March 4, 1949): 1.

  69. 69.

    For instance, see “M.P.s Press for Relief from Pain in Childbirth,” 1 and “U.S. Doctor to Lecture on Analgesia,” The [Kemsley] Press and Journal (June 16, 1949): 1.

  70. 70.

    For instance, see “Support for Analgesic Bill,” Cheltenham Chronicle and Gloucestershire Graphic (March 26, 1949): 3; “‘Never Again’. Women Back Painless Childbirth Move,” Gloucestershire Echo (February 23, 1949): 2; “Hucclecote. City Member Supports Painless Childbirth,” The Citizen [Gloucester] (April 20, 1949): 6; and “Gloucestershire Women Told ‘Write to M.P.s’,” The Citizen [Gloucester] (March 27, 1949): 4.

  71. 71.

    Sir Dugald Baird, Combined Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynæcology for Students and Practitioners, 8th ed. (Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., 1969), 188–204.

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  1. Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK

    Joanna Bourke

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  1. Lincoln College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Daniel McCann

  2. Glasgow Centre for Population Health, Glasgow, UK

    Claire McKechnie-Mason

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Bourke, J. (2018). ‘Frightened and Rather Feverish’: The Fear of Pain in Childbirth. In: McCann, D., McKechnie-Mason, C. (eds) Fear in the Medical and Literary Imagination, Medieval to Modern. Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55948-7_6

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