Depression and Wartime

Sherry, Jay

doi:10.1057/978-1-137-55774-2_5

Jay Sherry²

133 Accesses

Abstract

With the founding of the avant-garde journal transition by Eugene Jolas, Jung came to the attention of Parisian intellectuals. His articles about James Joyce and Picasso raised hackles since they seemed to adhere to a retrograde neo-Romantic sensibility out of touch with social reality. Through the Jolases, Joyce sought treatment for his daughter’s schizophrenia from Jung whom Picasso actually preferred to Freud. The Euro-American artist John Graham promoted Picasso and a Jungian perspective to a group that included Jackson Pollock who went into Jungian therapy. Martha Graham also did and became acquainted with the mythologist Joseph Campbell whose ideas influenced her work. The Jungian movement began to institutionalize with the founding of licensing groups and the appearance of his Collected Works from the Bollingen Foundation.

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Notes

1.
For the details of this incident, see Richard Ellmann, James Joyce (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 422, 466–469.
2.
Ibid., 628–629. For more about Jung’s relationship to Rohan, see Jay Sherry, Carl Gustav Jung, Avant-garde Conservative (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 88–89.
3.
“Since the war … things are simply happening. There is a continuous decrease in confrontation, which means a continuous decrease of reflection, of distance, and a continuous identification with the flow” ZS, 225; see Hauke, especially 105–106.
4.
CW 15, p. 114.
5.
See Jay Sherry, Carl Gustav Jung, Avant-Garde Conservative (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) pp. 84–86.
6.
CW 18: 765–766.
7.
CW 15, pp. 135–141. See also, John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: The Triumphant Years, 1917–1932 (New York, Knopf, 2007), pp. 483–486. Jung’s little-known involvement with Parisian intellectual circles has been studied by Florent Serina, see “C. G. Jung’s encounter with his French readers. The Paris lecture (1934)”, in Phanês. Journal of Jung History, I, 1, 2018 (forthcoming).
8.
CW 15: p. 91, f.n. 7.
9.
Eugen Jolas , Man from Babel (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 129–130. The Tanguy painting is reproduced as Plate IV in CW10 and can be seen in Aniela Jaffe, Word and Image (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 147. The mandala “sketches” would most likely have been the active imaginations done by Kristine Mann several years before and reproduced in CW 9i to accompany the article “A Study in the Process of Individuation.” The two men shared an antipathy towards the Surrealist embrace of automatic writing which belittled the role of the artist’s consciousness in shaping the material that emerged from the unconscious. For more, see Beth Darlington, “Kristine Mann: Jung’s Miss ‘X’ and a Pioneer in Psychoanalysis,” Spring 2015 (Vol. 92), pp. 371–399.
10.
Freudianism and the Literary Mind (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1945), pp. 44, 81–82. Also, in The Little Magazine, pp. 176–177.
11.
Letter of September 24, 1931, James Oppenheim Collection, New York Public Library.
12.
Critical Writings 1924–1951, pp. 257–263.
13.
James Atherton, The Books at the Wake, A Study in Literary Allusions in James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009), p. 20 and Carol Shloss, Lucia Joyce, to Dance in the Wake (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003), p. 442.
14.
They helped found the NAACP and the copy of the organization’s 1925 Amenia Conference found in Jung’s library would almost certainly have come from them. Amy patronized writers of the Harlem Renaissance and helped pay young Langston Hughes’s college tuition.
15.
He also represented the novelist Thomas Wolfe whose lover Aline Bernstein did analysis with Beatrice Hinkle.
16.
Jan Christiaan Smuts, Holism and Evolution (New York: The Viking Press, 1961) and Alfred Lord Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967).
17.
Lewis Mumford, Sketches from Life, The Early Years, (New York: The Dial Press, 1982), p. 249.
18.
Ibid., p. 249.
19.
Van Wyck Brooks-Lewis Mumford Letters (New York: Dutton & Co., 1970), pp. 54–55.
20.
Lewis Mumford, Findings & Keepings: Analects for An Autobiography (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), pp. 356–357. The quote can be found on p. 34 of the 2012 edition of the seminar, my thanks go to John Beebe for locating it. In a letter to Henry Murray, Mumford said that he got the transcript from Amy Spingarn. “In Old Friendship”: The Correspondence of Lewis Mumford and Henry A. Murray, Frank G. Novak, Jr., ed. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2007), p. 67.
21.
For more see Forrest Robinson, Love’s Story Told: a Life of Henry Murray, Harvard University Press, 1992) and Claire Douglas, Translate the Darkness: The Life of Christiana Morgan (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993); she also edited Visions: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1930–1934 (Princeton University Press, 1997).
22.
The portrait presides over the reading room of the Rare Books Division of the Beinecke Library at Yale University. For more on Foote , see William McGuire’s “Who was Mary Foote?” in Spring 1974, pp. 256–68 and Richard Trousdell, “The Lives of Mary Foote: painter and Jungian”, Journal of Analytical Psychology (2016, 61, 5), 588–606. It seems highly likely that Foote was the “professional portraitist” that Jung mentioned in his discussion of active imagination who had to learn how to paint all over again, this time from within (CW 16, p. 47).
23.
For more, see Paul Bishop, “The Members of Jung’s Seminar on Zarathustra”, Spring 56, 1994, pp. 92–122.
24.
See, The Dinner Party, A Symbol of Our Heritage (New York: Anchor Books, 1979), pp. 210. 211; Harding is quoted in the Heritage Panels that accompany the installation.
25.
CGJS, p. 51. The fact that he was analyzing the dreams of a conventional business man with an “ape man” in his unconscious indicates that, contrary to Douglas’s identification in Visions Seminar (p. xvii, f. n. 15), Shepley was describing the Dream Analysis Seminar.
26.
William McGuire, Bollingen, An Adventure in Collecting the Past (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 2).
27.
James Lewis, The Astrology Encyclopedia (Detroit: Visible Ink Press, 2003), p. 580. Another seeker who visited Santa Fe was Nicholas Roerich who came through town in 1921, just one stop on American tour that was part of a life-long pilgrimage to the world’s spiritual landscapes.
28.
For more, visit Rudhyar Archival Project: www.khaldea.com/rudhyar.
29.
Quoted in James Lieberman, Acts of Will: The Life and Work of Otto Rank (New York: The Free Press, 1985), p. 379.
30.
Interpretations and Forecasts: 1922–1972, (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), p. 400. The article first appeared as Mumford’s review of Memories, Dreams, Reflections in The New Yorker (May 23, 1964).
31.
Letters I, pp. 180–82.
32.
Ibid., p. 379. In a 1945 letter to Rhine, Jung talked about the psyche’s ability “to assemble matter beyond the reach of the body to such a degree that it appears as a physical body perceptible to our senses as well as to the photographic plate” p. 394. This comment would have been based on his familiarity with Zöllner and attendance at séances conducted by Schrenck-Notzing in Munich who published Phenomena of Materialisation (1923) which reproduced photos purporting to show ectoplasm produced by the medium.
33.
That Bair relied solely on the contents of the letters for her account is indicated by her using Jung’s misspelling of Rowland’s name (p. 377). The most complete accounts are to be found in Cora Finch, “Stellar Fire: Carl Jung, A New England Family and the Risks of Anecdote”, [www.stellarfire.org/index/html#2] and “Progress Report to Ebby” in Culture Alcohol & Society Quarterly, Newsletter of Kirk/CAAS Collections at Brown, Vol. III, #5, October/November/December 2007. (http://dl.lib.brown.edu/libweb/collections/kirk/casq/CASQ_v3n5_2007.pdf).
34.
CW 18, pp. 162–163.
35.
C. L. Wysuph, Jackson Pollock: Psychoanalytic Drawings, (New York: Heritage Press, 1970) and Claude Chernuschi, Jackson Pollock: “Psychoanalytic” Drawings (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1992).
36.
See Pepe Karmel, ed., Jackson Pollock: Interviews, Articles, and Reviews, (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1999), especially the Langhorne and Rubin articles.
37.
Dream Analysis Seminar, p. 390f.
38.
Op cit., pp. 370–371.
39.
Quoted in Jackson Pollock: “Psychoanalytic” Drawings, op.cit., p. 20.
40.
See Michael Leja, Reframing Abstract Expressionism, Subjectivity and Painting in the 1940s, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 164–167.
41.
For an in-depth account of Pollock’s relationship to Picasso , see Michael Fitzgerald, Picasso and American Art (Whitney Museum of American Art and Yale University Press: New Haven, 2006), pp. 177–21.
42.
A Life of Picasso, op. cit., p. 486.
43.
Analytical Psychology Club Bulletin, Vol. X, #9 (Dec., 1948).
44.
Henry Adams, Tom and Jack, The Intertwined Lives of Thomas Hart Benton and Jackson Pollock (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009), p. 326. My thanks to the author for his further elucidation of this reference.
45.
Jackson Pollock: Psychoanalytic Drawings, op. cit., p. 18.
46.
Jeffrey Potter, To a Violent Grave, an Oral Biography of Jackson Pollock, (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1985), p. 197.
47.
Deborah Solomon, Jackson Pollock: A Biography, (Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 145.
48.
See Sharyn R. Udall, “Beholding the Epiphanies, Mysticism and the Art of Georgia O’Keeffe,” Contested Terrain, Myth and Meaning in Southwest Art (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996), p. 107. See also, Jan Castro, The Art & Life of Georgia O’Keeffe (New York: Crown Publishers, 1985), p. 94.
49.
Frances G. Wickes, A Memorial Meeting, October 25, 1967 (privately printed). In the Analytical Psychology Club Bulletin, Vol. 12, #2 (February, 1950), p. 13.
50.
Agnes De Mille, Martha, The Life and Work of Martha Graham (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), p. 316.
51.
Joseph Campbell, Edmund Epstein, ed., Mythic Worlds, Modern Words, on the Art of James Joyce (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), p. vii.
52.
CGJS, pp. 241–242; Letters II, p. 266.
53.
In Margaret H. Chase, ed., Heinrich Zimmer: Coming into His Own, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 46.
54.
This development can be seen as part of a trend in postwar publishing. Michael Leja proposed a “Modern Man Thesis” in which Cold War anxieties and opportunities created by the GI Bill led to an expanding middle class that sought intellectual advancement through adult education courses and the Great Books program. See also Mark Greif, The Age of the Crisis of Man: Thought and Fiction in America, 1933–1973 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015).
55.
In Martha Graham, Blood Memory (New York: Doubleday, 1991), p. 163.
56.
Cornford had endorsed Jung in his lecture “The Unconscious Element in Literature and Philosophy” (1919) in The Unwritten Philosophy and Other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); sympathy for Jungian psychology seems to have run in the family since his daughter ended up marrying the analyst Joseph Henderson.
57.
115.11–36, quoted in Joseph Campbell, Edmund Epstein, ed., Mythic Worlds, Modern Words, On the Art of James Joyce), op. cit., p. 218.
58.
Ibid., p. 237. See also, Stephen and Robin Larsen, A Fire in the Mind, the Life of Joseph Campbell, (New York: Doubleday, 1991), pp. 450–452.
59.
Another student of Martha Graham’s whose work went in a Jungian direction was Mary Star Whitehouse who developed her “Authentic Movement” technique.
60.
Review in International Journal of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 6 (1925).
61.
In the “DEFINITIONS” section of Psychological Types, the editor’s note that the original listing for this term is “FEELING-INTO” which is the literal translation of the German word. (CW 6, p. 425) Another British academic attracted to Jung at this time was John Thorburn who along with Lillian A. Clare, translator of Levy-Bruhl , helped Baynes with his translation of Psychological Types. He wrote Art and the Unconscious (1925) and “Analytical Psychology and the Concept of the Individual” in the International Journal of Ethics, 35 (2), 125–39; see Letters, December 7, 1928 and February 5, 1952. Attendance records indicate that Bodkin attended Jung’s 1925 conference at Swanage, England.
62.
Robert A. Segal, ed., The Myth and Ritual Theory (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1998), p. 227.
63.
Katherine Snipes , Robert Graves by (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1979), p. 191. and Robert Graves and the White Goddess, 1940–1985 (London: Phoenix Press, 1998), p. 268; Eileen Garrett, the Irish medium, was the book’s American publisher through her Creative Age Press which was primarily a clearing house for publications of the Parapsychology Foundation and its magazine Tomorrow.
64.
This picture archive became the basis for the Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism, an institution with branches in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles that have an online presence.
65.
Bollingen, op. cit., p. 109.
66.
Bank transfer form (May 27); through 1965 it also received $154,140 from the Bollingen Foundation, see Bollingen Foundation Report, 1945–1965 (New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1967), p. 164.
67.
For more on those formative years, see Michael Fordham, ed., Contact with Jung (London: Tavistock Publications, 1963).

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History and Psychology Departments, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Sherry, J. (2018). Depression and Wartime. In: The Jungian Strand in Transatlantic Modernism. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55774-2_5

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55774-2_5
Published: 28 June 2018
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