Abstract
International research has found that care leavers rarely transition to higher education in the UK, Europe and the USA. In Australia, however, there has been a paucity of research into the under-representation of care leavers in higher education. This chapter reviews the findings of a national research project into the university access and achievement of care leavers. The project was led by La Trobe University and involved four key stages: a global literature review; analysis of relevant data sources; an online survey of public universities; and interviews with community service organizations. Findings and recommendations are considered in the context of international research and policy initiatives.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
All-Party Parliamentary Group for Looked after Children and Care Leavers (2012). Education matters in care: A report by the independent cross-party inquiry into the educational attainment of looked after children in England. London: Who Cares Trust.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). Australian census of population and housing. Retrieved 20 June 2014 from ABS TableBuilder Pro.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Statement – Child Type, from http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/statementspersonctpp?opendocument&navpos=430. Accessed 20 June 2014.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Young adults: Then and now. Retrieved June 12, 2014, fromhttp://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40April+2013#livingar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2007). Educational outcomes of children on guardianship or custody orders: A pilot study, Child welfare series no. 42. Cat. No. CWS 30. Canberra: Australian Government.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2011). Educational outcomes of children on guardianship or custody orders: A pilot study, Stage 2, Child welfare series no. 49. Cat. No. CWS 37. Canberra: Australian Government.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2013). Development of an ongoing national data collection on the educational outcomes of children in child protection services: A working paper, Child welfare series no. 56. Cat. No. CWS 46. Canberra: Australian Government.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2015). Child protection Australia 2013–14, Child welfare series no.61. Cat. No. CWS 52. Canberra: Australian Government.
Beauchamp, T. (2014). A strong future for young people leaving out-of-home care: UnitingCare children young people and families position paper on leaving care and aftercare. New South Wales: UnitingCare Children, Young People and Families.
Buttle UK (2014) Buttle UK to phase out its Quality Mark, as the education sector states its commitment to care-leavers. Retrieved June 23, 2014, from http://www.buttleuk.org/pages/announcement.html
Buttle UK (2015). Quality mark annual statistical report, academic year 2013–14. London: Buttle UK.
Cashmore, J., Paxman, M., & Townsend, M. (2007). The educational outcomes of young people 4–5 years after leaving care: An Australian perspective. Adoption & Fostering, 31(1), 50–61. doi:10.1177/030857590703100109.
Courtney, M., & Dworsky, A. (2005). Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Outcomes at age 19. Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago.
Courtney, M., Dworsky, A., Brown, A., Cary, C., Love, K., & Vorhies, V. (2011). Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Outcomes at ages 26. Chicago: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago.
CREATE Foundation (2006). Report card on education 2006. Sydney: CREATE Foundation.
Creed, P., Tilbury, C., Buys, N., & Crawford, M. (2011). The career aspirations and action behaviours of Australian adolescents in out-of-home-care. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 1720–1729. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.033.
Department for Business Innovation and Skills (2014). National strategy for access and student success in higher education. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
Department for Education. (2014). Children looked after by local authorities in England: Guide to the SSDA903 collection 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2015.
Department of Education. (2014). 2012 Appendix 5 – Equity performance data. http://docs.education.gov.au/node/34993
Department of Education Employment and Training (DEET) (1990). A fair chance for all: National and institutional planning for equity in higher education. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Department of Social Services. (2014). Transitioning to independence from out of home care: Discussion paper. Retrieved June 11, 2014, from http://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/families-and-children/publications-articles/transitioning-to-independence-from-out-of-home-care-discussion-paper?HTML
Fernandez, E. (2008). Unravelling emotional, behavioural and educational outcomes in a longitudinal study of children in foster-care. British Journal of Social Work, 38, 1283–1301. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcm028.
Frederick, J., & Goddard, C. (2010). School was just a nightmare: Childhood abuse and neglect and school experiences. Child and Family Social Work, 15, 22–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00634.x.
Harvey, A., Andrewartha, L., & McNamara, P. (2015a). A forgotten cohort? Including people from out-of-home care in Australian higher education policy. Australian Journal of Education, 59(2). doi:10.1177/0004944115587529.
Harvey, A., McNamara, P., Andrewartha, L., & Luckman, M. (2015b). Out of care, into university: Raising higher education access and achievement of care leavers (National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education (NCSEHE), Curtin University). Retrieved June 29, 2015, fromhttps://www.ncsehe.edu.au/research/research-reports/
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1997). Bringing them home: Report of the national inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families. Sydney: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission.
Jackson, S., & Cameron, C. (2012). Final report of the YiPPEE project. Young people from a public care background: Pathways to further and higher education in five European countries. London: Thomas Coram Research Unit, University of London.
Jackson, S., & Cameron, C. (2014). Improving access to further and higher education for young people in public care: European policy and practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Jackson, S., Ajayi, S., & Quigley, M. (2005). By degrees: Going to university from care. London: Institute of Education, University of London.
Johnson, G., Natalier, K., Mendes, P., Liddiard, M., Thoresen, S., Hollows, A., et al. (2010). Pathways from out-of-home care. Melbourne: Australian Housing and Urban Research Unit.
Jurczyszyn, R., & Tilbury, C. (2012). Higher and further education for care leavers: A road less travelled. Developing Practice: The Child, Youth and Family Work Journal, 33, 10–22.
Legal Center for Foster Care and Education (2008). Foster care & education Q & A. Federal laws that increase educational opportunities for older youth in out-of-home care. Chicago: American Bar Association and Casey Family Programs.
Lomax-Smith, J., Watson, L., & Webster, B. (2011). Higher education base funding review. Canberra: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations.
McDowall, J. J. (2009). CREATE Report card 2009. Transitioning from care: Tracking progress. Sydney: CREATE Foundation.
McFarlane, K. (2010). From care to custody: Young women in out-of-home care in the criminal justice system. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 22(2), 345–353.
Mendes, P. (2014). Leaving care, or left alone? How not to fail young people transitioning from out-of-home care. Retrieved June 11, 2014, fromhttp://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2014/02/13/3944328.htm
Mendes, P., Michell, D., & Wilson, J. Z. (2014). Young people transitioning from out-of-home care and access to higher education: A critical review of the literature. Children Australia, 39(4), 243–252.
Mendis, K., Gardner, F., & Lehmann, J. (2014). The education of children in out-of-home care. Australian Social Work, 68(4), 483–496. doi:10.1080/0312407X.2014.963134.
Michell, D., Jackson, D., & Tonkin, C. (Eds.) (2015). Against the odds: Care leavers at university. Elizabeth: People’s Voice Publishing.
Murray, S., & Goddard, J. (2014). Life after growing up in care: Informing policy and practice through research. Australian Social Work, 67(1), 102–117. doi:10.1080/0312407X.2013.868010.
Norton, A. (2012). Graduate winners: Assessing the public and private benefits of higher education. Melbourne: Grattan Institute.
Pecora, P., Williams, J., Kessler, R. J., Downs, A. C., O’Brien, K., Hiripi, E., et al. (2003). Assessing the effects of foster care: Early results from the Casey National Alumni Study. Seattle: Casey Family Programs.
Pecora, P., Kessler, R. C., Williams, J., O’Brien, K., Downs, A. C., English, D., et al. (2005). Improving family foster care: Findings from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study. Seattle: Casey Family Programs.
Perry, B., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog and other stories from the child psychiatrist’s notebook: What traumatised children can teach us about loss, love and healing. New York: Basic Books.
QSR International (2012). NVivo qualitative data analysis software, Version 10. Melbourne: QSR International.
Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method, research. London: Sage.
Starks, L. (2013). Assessing the impact of the Buttle UK quaility mark in higher education. Leeds, Buttle UK.
State Government of Victoria (2012). Report of the protecting victoria’s vulnerable children inquiry. Melbourne: Department of Premier and Cabinet.
The Centre for Social Justice (2015). Finding their feet: Equipping care leavers to reach their full potential. London: The Centre for Social Justice.
Thoresen, S. H., & Liddiard, M. (2011). Failure of care in state care: In-case abuse and postcare homelessness. Children Australia, 36(1), 4–11. doi:10.1375/jcas.36.1.4.
Townsend, M. (2012). Are we making the grade? The education of children and young people in out-of-home care. Ashfield: Department of Family and Community Services.
van der Kolk, B. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 401–408.
Wolanin, T. R. (2005). Higher education opportunities for foster youth: A primer for policymakers. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.
Acknowledgement
This chapter is based on research funded through an external research grant provided by the National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education at Curtin University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Harvey, A., McNamara, P., Andrewartha, L. (2016). Towards a National Policy Framework for Care Leavers in Australian Higher Education. In: Mendes, P., Snow, P. (eds) Young People Transitioning from Out-of-Home Care. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55639-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55639-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-55638-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-55639-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)