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Broadening the Scope of Moral Developmental Theory

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Embodied Morality

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Abstract

Triune ethics meta-theory (TEM) differs from other theories of moral psychological development, integrating neurobiological, psychological, philosophical, and developmental literatures on moral functioning. TEM grounds itself in an evolutionary systems approach specifically Evolutionary Relational Developmental Systems Meta-Theory. TEM identifies ethical orientations that emerge from global brain states rooted in human brain evolution: self-protectionism, engagement, and imagination, respectively. Each global brain state displays different goals: self-preservation, affiliation, and reflection, respectively. Adult functioning is largely the result of dynamic interactionism during sensitive periods of development, building implicit sociomoral understandings that guide moral behavior. Alternative moral developmental pathways may ensue from psychosocial experience during development.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Narvaez (in press-a, b).

  2. 2.

    Fry (2006), Narvaez (2013, 2014).

  3. 3.

    For example, Frankena (1973), Hare (1963), O’Neill (1996), and Rawls (1971).

  4. 4.

    It should be noted that the work of Piaget and Kohlberg has been assumed to be based in rationalist theories that emphasize explicit reasoning as primary guide to moral action (e.g., Haidt, 2001). However, this is not the case at least for Piaget (1932) who studied the development of implicit schemas through active experience which guide behavior. He was interested particularly in the shift from implicit to verbalizable, explicit understanding, which he assumed was the best way to study genetic epistemology, the development of knowledge.

  5. 5.

    Bargh and Chartrand (1999), Hogarth (2001), Narvaez (1999), Narvaez and Lapsley (2005) and Reber (1993).

  6. 6.

    Haidt (2001) and Hume (1888).

  7. 7.

    See Narvaez (2010, 2014).

  8. 8.

    Piaget (1932/1965).

  9. 9.

    Kohlberg (1981, 1984) (For reviews of this paradigm’s research, see Carlo, Eisenberg, & Knight, 1992; Rest, Narvaez, Bebeau, & Thoma, 1999; Turiel, 1983).

  10. 10.

    Lapsley (2006).

  11. 11.

    Turiel (1983, 2006).

  12. 12.

    Bloom (2013) and Hamlin, Wynn, and Bloom (2007).

  13. 13.

    For example, Haidt (2001), where moral “judgment” means evaluation, not decision making.

  14. 14.

    For example, Rest (1983) described moral sensitivity, motivation, action.

  15. 15.

    Carter (2003), Feldman, Gordon & Zagoory-Sharon (2010), Feldman, Gordon, Schneiderman, Weisman and Zagoory-Sharon (2010), Feldman, Greenbaum & Yirmiya (1999), Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar & Heim (2009).

  16. 16.

    For example, Champagne and Meaney (2001) and Hofer (1987).

  17. 17.

    For example, Schore (2003a, b).

  18. 18.

    For more details, see Narvaez (2014).

  19. 19.

    Gilligan (1982).

  20. 20.

    Skoe (2014) and Walker (2006).

  21. 21.

    Batson (2011) and Oliner and Oliner (1988).

  22. 22.

    Turnbull (1984).

  23. 23.

    Male–female differences in moral sensitivity, which were noted even by Darwin, may have to do with the greater sensitivity of males to experience (e.g., neglect has more impact on the corpus callosum of boys), meaning that when undercare is experienced (Chap. 4), boys are more disadvantaged. However, this is not addressed in this book.

  24. 24.

    Blasi (1980).

  25. 25.

    Blasi (1984).

  26. 26.

    Colby and Damon (1991).

  27. 27.

    Blasi (1983), Colby and Damon (1991), Hardy and Carlo (2011a), Lapsley and Narvaez (2004a, b), Narvaez and Lapsley (2009) and Narvaez, Lapsley, Hagele & Lasky (2006).

  28. 28.

    Aquino, Freeman, Reed, Lim, and Felps (2009), Colby and Damon (2015), Frimer and Walker (2009), Hardy (2006), Hardy & Carlo (2005), Hart and Fegley (1995) and Reimer and Wade-Stein (2004).

  29. 29.

    For a review, see Hardy and Carlo (2011b).

  30. 30.

    Shweder (1993).

  31. 31.

    Jensen (2015).

  32. 32.

    Graham and Haidt (2012).

  33. 33.

    Fry (2006), Ingold (1999) and Lee and Daly (1999).

  34. 34.

    Turnbull (1984).

  35. 35.

    Konner (2005).

  36. 36.

    Narvaez (2014), Narvaez, Braungart-Rieker, Miller-Graff, Gettler & Hastings (2016), Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore, and Gleason (2013a, b) and Narvaez, Valentino, Fuentes, McKenna, Gray (2014).

  37. 37.

    Lapsley (1996).

  38. 38.

    Lapsley (1996, 2006) and Lapsley and Narvaez (2004a, b, 2005).

  39. 39.

    Gibbs (2014).

  40. 40.

    See Narvaez (2014) for more details.

  41. 41.

    For example, Narvaez (2008a, b; 2013, 2014), for more.

  42. 42.

    Midgley (1985, p. 191).

  43. 43.

    Latour (2013).

  44. 44.

    Ingold (1999, p. 407).

  45. 45.

    Anscombe (1958), Hursthouse (1999) and McDowell (1997).

  46. 46.

    Hursthouse (1999).

  47. 47.

    Norton (1991).

  48. 48.

    Williams (1985).

  49. 49.

    Narvaez (2014); see also Bai (2012), Bonnett (2012) and Turner (1994).

  50. 50.

    Rothbart (1981), Rothbart and Ahadi (1994) and Rothbart, Ahadi, Hershey & Fisher (2001).

  51. 51.

    For example, Plomin (1989).

  52. 52.

    Weiss (1939).

  53. 53.

    Weiss (1939, p. 291).

  54. 54.

    Waddington (1957).

  55. 55.

    Sheldrake (2012).

  56. 56.

    Jordan (2008), Jordan and Ghin (2006).

  57. 57.

    Jordan and Vinson (2012, p. 9).

  58. 58.

    Sheldrake (2012, p. 2).

  59. 59.

    Cushman (1995).

  60. 60.

    Fairbairn (1952), Suttie (1935/1988), Trevarthen (2005), Trevarthen & Delafield-Butt (2012).

  61. 61.

    Winnicott (1957).

  62. 62.

    Balint (1968) and Shaw (2014).

  63. 63.

    Bolin (2010) and Narvaez (2013, 2015).

  64. 64.

    Darwin (1871) and Schwartz (2009).

  65. 65.

    Dobzhansky (1973).

  66. 66.

    Darwin (1871).

  67. 67.

    See Narvaez (2013).

  68. 68.

    Bernstein (1991, 2011) and Bernstein and Gordon (1974).

  69. 69.

    Pinker (2011) and Shermer (2015).

  70. 70.

    See greater detail elsewhere on small-band hunter-gatherer societies; Fry (2006, 2013), Gowdy (1998), Ingold (1999), Lee and Daly (1999) and Narvaez (2013, 2014).

  71. 71.

    Harlow (1958).

  72. 72.

    Panksepp (1998).

  73. 73.

    Gottlieb (1970, 1997, 2002).

  74. 74.

    Oyama (1985).

  75. 75.

    Lickliter and Harshaw (2010, p. 495).

  76. 76.

    Eisenberg (2000).

  77. 77.

    Suttie (1935/1988).

  78. 78.

    Bell and Ainsworth (1972) and Field & Reite (1985).

  79. 79.

    Bowlby (1980), Bretherton (1992) and Young, Lim, Gingrich & Insel (2001).

  80. 80.

    Konrath, Chopik, Hsing, and O’Brien (2014).

  81. 81.

    For example, Kochanska and Thompson (1997) and Kochanska, Barry, Aksan, and Boldt (2008).

  82. 82.

    See Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore and Gleason (2013a).

  83. 83.

    Feldman (2007).

  84. 84.

    Schore (1994, 2003a, b).

  85. 85.

    Lanius, Vermetten, and Pain (2010).

  86. 86.

    Thompson (2012).

  87. 87.

    Carter (1998), Carter, Ahnert, Grossmann, Hrdy, Lamb, et al. (2005) and Lanius, Vermetten, and Pain (2010).

  88. 88.

    Sachser, Hennessy, and Kaiser (2011).

  89. 89.

    Oyama (1985, 2000) and Oyama, Griffiths and Gray (2001).

  90. 90.

    Narvaez (2014).

  91. 91.

    Overton (2013, 2015).

  92. 92.

    Overton and Molenaar (2015, pp. 3–4), emphasis in original.

  93. 93.

    For example, Thompson (2012).

  94. 94.

    Emde, Biringen, Clyman, and Oppenheim (1991).

  95. 95.

    Kochanska, Aksan, Knaack, and Rhines (2004), Kochanska, Aksan, and Koenig (1995), Schore (1994) and Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, and Collins (2005).

  96. 96.

    Schore (2003a).

  97. 97.

    For example, Kochanska (2002).

  98. 98.

    Walker and Frimer (2008).

  99. 99.

    Sroufe et al. (2005).

  100. 100.

    Panksepp (1998, p. 55).

  101. 101.

    Kochanska (2002).

  102. 102.

    MacLean (1990).

  103. 103.

    Panksepp (1998).

  104. 104.

    Panksepp (1998).

  105. 105.

    Panksepp and Biven (2012) and Schore (2003a, b).

  106. 106.

    Hewlett and Lamb (2005) and Konner (2005).

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  1. Psychology Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

    Darcia Narvaez

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Narvaez, D. (2016). Broadening the Scope of Moral Developmental Theory. In: Embodied Morality. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55399-7_1

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