Abstract
Each country chapter of this volume provides an overview of the national lobbying industry, taking into consideration also institutional, historical and cultural variables, and placing the analysis of lobbying and public affairs into a wider picture. A short overview of the country’s political system is given, illustrating the institutional structure, the party system or the weight of particular political actors. In order to describe the features of the lobbying industry in the country, various pieces of information are considered, such as: the regulatory framework (and relative “flaws”), the number of professionals working in the sector, the presence of specific educational pathways (master’s degrees or courses), the presence of professional associations and, if any, of deontological charters or self-disciplinary measures. Overall, an assessment on the degree of professionalization and development of the industry is formulated, addressing also the perception of lobbyists by the public opinion and the influence of the European Union supranational level on the national environment, imagining future scenarios and trends.
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Notes
- 1.
Section 66.1 of the Spanish Constitution: “The Cortes Generales represent the Spanish people and shall consist of the Congress and the Senate”.
- 2.
Section 99.2 of the Spanish Constitution: “The President shall direct the Governments’ action and coordinate the functions of the other members thereof, without prejudice to the competence and direct responsibility of the latter in the discharge of their duties”.
- 3.
Section 69.1 of the Spanish Constitution.
- 4.
Sections 148, 149 and 150.2 of the Spanish Constitution.
- 5.
Sections 81–92 of the Spanish Constitution.
- 6.
See the Plenary Session n. 38 of the Congress de los Diputados, July 13, 1978.
- 7.
Section 44 of the Congress Statutes: “Committees may request, through the Speaker:
-
i.
Such information and documentation as they may require from the Government and administrative bodies, subject to the provisions of Section 7, paragraph 2.
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ii.
The attendance of members of the Government to report on matters relating to their respective Department.
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iii.
The attendance of authorities and civil servants competent by reason of the subject-matter of the debate in order that they report to the committee.
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iv.
The attendance of persons competent in the subject-matter for the purposes of reporting to and advising the committee.”
-
i.
- 8.
Sections 67 of the Senate’s Statutory Rules: “The Committees may perform enquiries or studies on matters of their jurisdiction, provided a Committee of Enquiry or a Special Committee has not yet been constituted, and entrust several of their members with the carrying out of an information. Furthermore, they may, through the intermediary of the Speaker of the Senate, request the information and assistance they may need from the Government and its Departments and from any State and Autonomous Communities authorities, as well as the necessary documentation at the request of one third of the members of the Committee, subject to the provisions of Section 20, paragraph 2.*
Furthermore they may demand the appearance of other people in order to obtain information on matters of their jurisdiction.”
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Ruiz, M.R.R., Núñez, R.R. (2017). Spain. In: Bitonti, A., Harris, P. (eds) Lobbying in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55256-3_29
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55256-3_29
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