Skip to main content

Introduction: Theoretical and Empirical Outline

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Rethinking Turkey-Iraq Relations

Part of the book series: Middle East Today ((MIET))

  • 252 Accesses

Abstract

The introduction chapter proposes an integrated research design outlining theoretical–empirical framework of the book. This proposal can be used as a practical guide for discursive–contextual analysis of (non)cooperation in international relations. In terms of theoretical basis, (non)cooperation is conceived as an experiential phenomenon mutually constituted by discourse and context. With regard to empirical orientation, the chapter provides a research puzzle by problematizing partiality of cooperation in Turkey–Iraq relations. Four episodes (Saadabad-1937/Baghdad-1955 pacts, Gulf-1991/Iraq-2003 wars) are sketched to explore partial cooperation dilemmas in three main respects: pre-event contextual reasons, discursive reasonings during the event, and post-event contextual consequences. More importantly, this chapter develops hypothetical typologies for analyzing utilitarian–normative ambivalence that feeds into partial ontology and rhetoric of cooperation. Last but not least, the author highlights political narratives–frames that perpetuate partiality of cooperation by paradoxical rationalizations and ambiguous contextualizations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Altunışık, Meliha Benli. 2006. Turkey’s Iraq Policy: The War and Beyond. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 14(2): 183–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altunışık, Meliha Benli. 2009. Worldviews and Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East. New Perspectives on Turkey 40: 169–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, Robert, and Robert O. Keohane. 1985. Achieving Cooperation Under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions. World Politics 38(1): 226–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayoob, Mohammed. 2004. Turkey’s Multiple Paradoxes. Orbis 48(3): 451–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, David A. 2000. Success and Failure in Foreign Policy. Annual Review of Political Science 3: 167–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balleck, Barry J., and Francis A. Beer. 1994. Realist/Idealist Texts: Psychometry and Semantics. Peace Psychology Review 1(1): 38–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balta, Nevin. 2005. Milliyet’ten Yansımalar: Türk Dış Politikası (1950–1980). Ankara: Lazer Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balzacq, Thierry. 2005. The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context. European Journal of International Relations 11(2): 171–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkey, Henry. 2012. Turkey–Iraq Relations Deteriorate with Accusations of Sectarianism. 30 April. http://www.al-monitor.com. Accessed 11 Oct 2012.

  • Barkey, Henri J., and Graham E. Fuller. 1997. Turkey’s Kurdish Question: Critical Turning Points and Missed Opportunities. Middle East Journal 51(1): 59–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, Michael. 1998. Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, Michael. 2002. The Israeli Identity and the Peace Process: Re/Creating the Un/thinkable. In Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, eds. S. Telhami, and M. Barnett, 58–87. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayram, Salih. 2010. Political Parallelism in the Turkish Press, a Historical Interpretation. Turkish Studies 11(4): 579–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beer, Francis A. 1986. Games and Metaphors: Review Article The Evolution of Cooperation by Robert Axelrod. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 30(1): 171–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, Francis A., and G. R. Boynton. 1996. Realistic Rhetoric But Not Realism: A Senatorial Conversation on Cambodia. In Post-Realism: The Rhetorical Turn in International Relations, eds., Francis A. Beer and Robert Hariman, 369–383. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, Francis A., and C. de Landtsheer. 2004. Metaphorical World Politics. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berejekian, Jeffrey. 1997. The Gains Debate: Framing State Choice. American Political Science Review 91(4): 789–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, Pınar. 2009. Securing Turkey Through Western-Oriented Foreign Policy. New Perspectives on Turkey 40: 103–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosold, David, and Kai Oppermann. 2006. Governments as Gatekeepers: Mediating Domestic and International Discourses in Two-level Games. Tartu: 4th CEEISA Convention, 25–27 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1990. The Logic of Practice. Trans. R. Nice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 2003. Language and Symbolic Power. Ed. John B. Thompson, Trans. Gino Raymond, and Matthew Adamson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozdağlıoğlu, Yücel. 2003. Turkish Foreign Policy and Turkish Identity: A Constructivist Approach. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, Laurie A. 2014. Official Stories: Politics and National Narratives in Egypt and Algeria. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuning, Marijke. 2003. The Role of Analogies and Abstract Reasoning in Decision-Making: Evidence from the Debate over Truman’s Proposal for Development Assistance. International Studies Quarterly 47: 229–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brighi, Elisabetta, and Christopher Hill. 2008. Implementation and Behaviour. In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, eds. S. Smith, A. Hadfield, and T. Dunne, 117–135. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. Carl. 1984. International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game. London: I.B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Gillian, and George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Browning, Christopher S. 2002. Coming Home or Moving Home? ‘Westernising’ Narratives in Finnish Foreign Policy and the Re-interpretation of Past Identities. Cooperation and Conflict 37(1): 47–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browning, Christopher S. 2008. Constructivism, Narrative and Foreign Policy Analysis: A Case Study of Finland. Bern: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchill, Scott. 2005. The National Interest in International Relations Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burchill, Scott, and Andrew Linklater. 2005. Introduction. In Theories of International Relations, eds. Scott Burchill et al., 1–28. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsnaes, Walter. 2008. Actors, Structures, and Foreign Policy Analysis. In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, eds. S. Smith, A. Hadfield, and T. Dunne, 85–100. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, Anabela. 2008. Media(ted) Discourse and Society: Rethinking the Framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. Journalism Studies 9(2): 161–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, Timothy M. 1999. Avoiding the Quagmire: Alternative Rhetorical Constructs for Post-Cold War American Foreign Policy. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2(3): 367–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Commuri, Gitika. 2009. The Relevance of National Identity Narratives in Shaping Foreign Policy: The Case of India–Pakistan Relations. Journal of South Asian Development 4(2): 161–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornut, Jérémie. 2015. Analytic Eclecticism in Practice: A Method for Combining International Relations Theories. International Studies Perspectives 16: 50–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, Robert W. 1996. Towards a Posthegemonic Conceptualization of World Order: Reflections on the Relevancy of Ibn Khaldun (1992). In Approaches to World Order, eds. Robert W. Cox, and Timothy J. Sinclair, 144–173. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, Donald. 1963. Action, Reasons, and Causes. Journal of Philosophy 60(23): 685–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirks, Una. 2006. Critical Discourse Analysis of the Iraq Conflict in the British and German ‘Quality’ Press. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 19: 101–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dışişleri Bakanlığı. 2008. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile Irak Cumhuriyeti Hükûmetleri Arasında Yüksek Düzeyli İşbirliği Konseyi’nin Kurulmasına İlişkin Ortak Siyasi Bildirge. 10 July. http://www.mfa.gov.tr. Accessed 24 Apr 2011.

  • Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 1993. Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-Positivist Analysis of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy in the Philippines. International Studies Quarterly 37(3): 297–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dursun, Çiler. 2006. The Struggle Goes On: The Discursive Strategies of the Islamist Press in Turkey. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 14(2): 161–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ermakoff, Ivan. 2010. Theory of Practice, Rational Choice, and Historical Change. Theory and Society 39: 527–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Everson, Stephen. 2009. What are Reasons for Action? In New Essays on the Explanation of Action, ed. Constantine Sandis, 22–47. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, Isabela, and Norman Fairclough. 2012. Political Discourse Analysis: A Method for Advanced Students. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, James D. 1994. Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes. The American Political Science Review 88(3): 577–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, James D. 1995. Rationalist Explanations for War. International Organization 49(3): 379–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, James D. 1997. Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands versus Sinking Costs. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1): 68–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, James D. 1998. Bargaining, Enforcement, and International Cooperation. International Organization 52(2): 269–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fierke, Karin M. 2002. Links across the Abyss: Language and Logic in International Relations. International Studies Quarterly 46: 331–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, Walter R. 1994. Narrative Rationality and the Logic of Scientific Discourse. Argumentation 8: 21–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, Michel. 1979. Omnes et Singulatim: Towards a Criticism of ‘Political Reason.’ The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Stanford University, 10, 16 October.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichs, Jörg, and Friedrich Kratochwil. 2009. On Acting and Knowing: How Pragmatism Can Advance International Relations Research and Methodology. International Organization 63(4): 701–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gözen, Ramazan. 2009. İmparatorluktan Küresel Aktörlüğe Türkiye’nin Dış Politikası. Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundy, Peter. 2000. Doing Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action-Volume One: Reason and the Rationalization of Society. Trans. T. McCarthy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1989. The Theory of Communicative Action-Volume Two: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Trans. T. McCarthy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, Jürgen 1998. On the Pragmatics of Communication, ed. Maeve Cooke. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hale, William. 2007. Turkey, the US and Iraq. London: London Middle East Institute SOAS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, Carl. 2008. Explication, Explanation, and History. History and Theory 47(2): 183–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, Philip. 2007. Framing Post-Cold War Conflicts: The Media and International Intervention. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, Birthe. 2000. Unipolarity and the Middle East. Surrey: Curzon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, Roderick P. 1997. Modern Rhetorical Criticism. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2003. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Holzscheiter, Anna. 2014. Between Communicative Interaction and Structures of Signification: Discourse Theory and Analysis in International Relations. International Studies Perspectives 15: 142–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopf, Ted. 1998. The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security 23(1): 171–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopf, Ted. 2002. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • İnanç, Gül. 2008. Türk Diplomasisinde Irak (1978–1997). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ish-Shalom, Piki. 2006. Theory as a Hermeneutical Mechanism: The Democratic-Peace Thesis and the Politics of Democratization. European Journal of International Relations 12(4): 565–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ish-Shalom, Piki. 2008. The Rhetorical Capital of Theories: The Democratic Peace and the Road to the Roadmap. International Political Science Review 29(3): 281–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. 2009. Situated Creativity, or, the Cash Value of a Pragmatist Wager for IR, in the Forum on Pragmatism and International Relations, ed. Gunther Hellmann. International Studies Review 11(3): 656–662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. 2011. The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations: Philosophy of Science and Its Implications for the Study of World Politics. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, Robert. 1988. Realism, Game Theory, and Cooperation. World Politics 40(3): 317–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, Robert. 1999. Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation: Understanding the Debate. International Security 24(1): 42–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, Dietrich. 2005. Turkey and the Arab World: Historical Narratives and New Political Realities. Mediterranean Politics 10(1): 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khong, Yuen Foong. 1992. Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kienzle, Benjamin. 2013. The Role of Ideas in EU Responses to International Crises: Comparing the Cases of Iraq and Iran. Cooperation and Conflict 48(3): 424–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, Erika G., and Robert A. Wells. 2009. Framing the Iraq War Endgame: War’s Denouement in an Age of Terror. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kornprobst, Markus. 2009a. International Relations as Rhetorical Discipline: (Re-)Newing Horizons. International Studies Review 11(1): 87–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornprobst, Markus. 2009b. Doing What Comes Naturally Without Being Oblivious to It?: Rhetorical Pragmatism and International Relations, in the Forum on Pragmatism and International Relations, ed. Gunther Hellmann. International Studies Review 11(3): 652–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornprobst, Markus. 2011. The Agent’s Logics of Action: Defining and Mapping Political Judgement. International Theory 3(1): 70–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kösebalaban, Hasan. 2011. Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization. New York: Palgrave.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, Ronald R., and Patrick Thaddeus Jackson. 2007. Twisting Tongues and Twisting Arms: The Power of Political Rhetoric. European Journal of International Relations 13(1): 35–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, Gunther. 2010. Multimodality: A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurubaş, Erol. 2009. Etnik Sorun-Dış Politika İlişkisi Bağlamında Kürt Sorununun Türk Dış Politikasına Etkileri. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 8(1): 39–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lave, Charles A., and James G. March. 1975. An Introduction to Models in the Social Sciences. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepgold, Joseph, and Alan C. Lamborn. 2001. Locating Bridges: Connecting Research Agendas on Cognition and Strategic Choice. International Studies Review 3: 3–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, Richard. 2007. The Balance of Power in International Relations: Metaphors, Myths and Models. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann, Susanne. 1997. Linkage Politics. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1): 38–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren, Åsa. 2007. The Unwelcome Neighbour: Turkey’s Kurdish Policy. New York: I.B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, Marc. 1999. State Interests and Public Spheres: The International Politics of Jordan’s Identity. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, Michael P. 2011. Metaphors in International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Milliken, Jennifer. 1999. The Study of Discourse in International Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods. European Journal of International Relations 5(2): 225–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, Helen. 1992. International Theories of Cooperation among Nations: Strengths and Weaknesses. World Politics 44(3): 466–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mufti, Malik. 1998. Daring and Caution in Turkish Foreign Policy. Middle East Journal 52(1): 32–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mufti, Malik. 2002. From Swamp to Backyard: The Middle East in Turkish Foreign Policy. In The Middle East Enters the 21st Century, ed. Robert O. Freedman, 80–110. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oğuzlu, Tarık. 2008. Turkey’s Northern Iraq Policy: Competing Perspectives. Insight Turkey 10(3): 5–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Öniş, Ziya. 2007. Conservative Globalists versus Defensive Nationalists: Political Parties and Paradoxes of Europeanization in Turkey. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 9(3): 247–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. 1989. World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Özyürek, Esra. 2007. Public Memory as Political Battleground: Islamist Subversions of Republican Nostalgia. In The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey, ed. Esra Özyürek, 114–137. New York: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palabıyık, Mustafa Serdar. 2010. Sadabad Paktı (8 Temmuz 1937): İttifak Kuramları Açısından Bir İnceleme. Ortadoğu Etütleri 2(3): 147–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, Kimber Charles. 1999. Narrative Reason and Cold War Economic Diplomacy in W. W. Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2(3): 395–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringmar, Erik. 1996. On the Ontological Status of the State. European Journal of International Relations 2(4): 439–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruggie, John Gerard. 1998. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shenhav, Shaul R. 2004. Once Upon a Time There Was a Nation: Narrative Conceptualization Analysis. The Concept of ‘Nation’ in the Discourse of Israeli Likud Party Leaders. Discourse & Society 15(1): 81–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shenhav, Shaul R. 2005. Concise Narratives: A Structural Analysis of Political Discourse. Discourse Studies 7(3): 315–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shenhav, Shaul R. 2006. Political Narratives and Political Reality. International Political Science Review 27(3): 245–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sil, Rudra, and Peter J. Katzenstein. 2010. Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms across Research Traditions. Perspectives on Politics 8(2): 411–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Steve. 2000. Positivism and Beyond. In International Relations: Critical Concepts in Political Science (Vol. 1), ed. Andrew Linklater. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Philip. 2005. Why War? The Cultural Logic of Iraq, the Gulf War and Suez. Chicago, MA: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Steve, Amelia Hadfield, and Tim Dunne (eds.). 2008. Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somer, Murat. 2004. Turkey’s Kurdish Conflict: Changing Context, and Domestic and Regional Implications. Middle East Journal 58(2): 235–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somer, Murat. 2005. Failures of the Discourse of Ethnicity: Turkey, Kurds, and the Emerging Iraq. Security Dialogue 36(1): 109–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, Hans-Ulrich. 2010. Dilemmas of Partial Cooperation. Evolution 64(8): 2458–2465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, Janice Gross. 2008. Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Rational, Psychological, and Neurological Models. In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, eds. S. Smith, A. Hadfield, and T. Dunne, 101–116. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suganami, Hidemi. 2008. Narrative Explanation and International Relations: Back to Basics. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 37(2): 327–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sylvan, Donald A., and Stuart J. Thornson. 1992. Ontologies, Problem Representation, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 36(4): 709–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talu, Umur. 2009. Medyanın Siyasi İdeolojilere Etkileri. In Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce- Cilt 9: Dönemler ve Zihniyetler, ed. Ömer Laçiner, 902–916. İstanbul: İletişim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trout, B. Thomas. 1975. Rhetoric Revisited: Political Legitimation and the Cold War. International Studies Quarterly 19(3): 251–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzgel, İlhan. 2007. Türk Dış Politikası Yazımında Siyaset, Ayrışma ve Dönüşüm. Uluslararası İlişkiler 4(13): 113–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, Stephen M. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, Stephen M. 1998. International Relations: One World, Many Theories. Foreign Policy 110: 29–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, Stephen M. 2005. The Relationship Between Theory and Policy in International Relations. Annual Review of Political Science 8: 23–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, Cynthia. 2005. International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, Leonard, and Patricie Mertova. 2007. Using Narrative Inquiry as a Research Method: An Introduction to Using Critical Event Narrative Analysis in Research on Learning and Teaching. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, Gilbert, and Ruth Wodak. 2003. Introduction: Theory, Interdisciplinarity and Critical Discourse Analysis. In Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity, eds. Gilbert Weiss, and Ruth Wodak, 1–32. New York: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weldes, Jutta. 1998. Bureaucratic Politics: A Critical Constructivist Assessment. Mershon International Studies Review 42(2): 216–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wight, Colin. 2006. Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yanık, Lerna K. 2009. The Metamorphosis of Metaphors of Vision: ‘Bridging’ Turkey’s Location, Role and Identity after the End of the Cold War. Geopolitics 14: 531–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yanık, Lerna K. 2011. Constructing Turkish ‘Exceptionalism’: Discourses of Liminality and Hybridity in Turkish Foreign Policy. Political Geography 30: 80–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yee, Albert S. 1996. The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies. International Organization 50(1): 69–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeğen, Mesut. 1999. The Kurdish Question in Turkish State Discourse. Journal of Contemporary History 34(4): 555–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeşiltaş, Murat, and Ali Balcı. 2013. A Dictionary of Turkish Foreign Policy in the AK Party Era: A Conceptual Map. Ankara: Center for Strategic Research.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kumral, M.A. (2016). Introduction: Theoretical and Empirical Outline. In: Rethinking Turkey-Iraq Relations. Middle East Today. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55193-1_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics