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Managing the Press Storm of December 1944

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The British Press and the Greek Crisis, 1943–1949

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media ((PSHM))

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Abstract

On 3 December, a mass demonstration at Syntagma Square in Athens was fired on by the police, causing many deaths and injuries. On 5 December, Churchill sent a strong directive to General Scobie, charging him with responsibility ‘for maintaining order in Athens and for neutralising or destroying all, EAM/ELAS bands approaching the city’.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Two eyewitnesses give detailed account of the events on 3 December 1944. Byford-Jones, W. The Greek Trilogy: Resistance—Liberation—Revolution. London: Hutchinson, 1946, 136–142; McNeil, William Hardy. The Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath. London: Left Book Club Edition, 1947, 165–171. Byford-Jones was then a Major and press officer with III Corps, and McNeil was an American military attaché in Athens. See also Baerentzen, Lars. The Demonstration in Syntagma Square on Sunday the 3rd of December, 1944. Scandinavian Studies in Modern Greek History, 2 (1978): 3–52.

  2. 2.

    Churchill, W.S. Closing the Ring. Vol. 5 of The Second World War. London: Cassell, 1952, 252.

  3. 3.

    Ibid., 254.

  4. 4.

    Ibid., 258–259.

  5. 5.

    MOA, File [Reports?] 2021, ‘Mass-Observation—1943’, 16 February 1944, p. 11.

  6. 6.

    MOA, File Reports, 1944, 2190 ‘consisting of people in all walks of life, living in all parts of the country’, Mass-Observation Bulletin for December 1944 and January 1945.

  7. 7.

    In 1941: favourable attitude 35%, half-and-half 11%, unfavourable 19%, vague 35%. In 1943, the figures were 43, 17, 3, and 37%, respectively.

  8. 8.

    MOA, File Reports, 1669Q, April, 1943, pp. 6–7.

  9. 9.

    Some observers paralleled events with the Spanish civil war, talking about political behaviour that resembled Franco’s, Mussolini’s, and Hitler’s, and likened to events in Greece with the British attitude towards Italy and Belgium.

  10. 10.

    MOA, File Reports, 1944, 2190.

  11. 11.

    Gallup, George (ed.). Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain, 1937–1975, vol. 1. New York: Random House, 1976, 98–99, 103.

  12. 12.

    Byford-Jones, The Greek Trilogy, 157.

  13. 13.

    File, Greece 1945–1954. The Times Archives.

  14. 14.

    Utley, T.E. 1944. The Times, 5 December.

  15. 15.

    A Tragedy of Errors, leader. 1944. The Times, 7 December.

  16. 16.

    Barrington-Ward Diary, 8 December 1944.

  17. 17.

    McDonald, Iverach. The History of The Times: Struggles in Peace and War 1939–1966, vol. 5, 1984, 119; McLachlan, Donald. In the Chair: Barrington-Ward of The Times, 1927–1948. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971, 255.

  18. 18.

    McLachlan, In the Chair, 251; McDonald, The History of The Times, 119.

  19. 19.

    Churchill, W.S. Triumph and Tragedy. Vol. 6 of The Second World War. London: Cassell, 1954, 225.

  20. 20.

    Manchester Guardian, 8 December 1944.

  21. 21.

    Manchester Guardian, 9 December 1944.

  22. 22.

    Ibid.

  23. 23.

    Manchester Guardian, 18 and 20 December 1944.

  24. 24.

    Foot’s views on postwar politics were clearly illustrated, for instance, in his article ‘Was it for this that they suffered and died?’ 1944. Daily Herald, 19 December.

  25. 25.

    FO371/48233, FO to Athens, tel. no. 32, 3 January 1945.

  26. 26.

    Leader. 1944. News Chronicle, 7 December.

  27. 27.

    Leader. 1944. News Chronicle, 9 December.

  28. 28.

    First Stop Fighting in Greece. 1944. News Chronicle, 12 December.

  29. 29.

    Leader. 1944. News Chronicle, 15 December.

  30. 30.

    Ewer, W.E. 1944. The Daily Herald, 4 December.

  31. 31.

    Kenneth Matthews, the BBC Athens correspondent, wrote of Capell: ‘He belonged to an earlier generation than mine, and his judgements based on uncompromising Christian and conservative faiths, swam bravely against the current’, Memories of a Mountain War, Greece: 1944–1949. London: Longman, 1972, 56.

  32. 32.

    Capell, Richard (1894–1983) Who Was Who, 1951, 60, 182.

  33. 33.

    Foster, Alan Joseph. The British Press and the Origins of the Cold War. PhD dissertation, Open University, 1987, 458.

  34. 34.

    Capell, Richard. Simiomata: A Greek Note Book, 1944–1945. London: MacDonald, 1946, 93.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., 111–112.

  36. 36.

    Daily Telegraph, 6, 7 and 8 December 1944.

  37. 37.

    Daily Telegraph, 11 December, 1944.

  38. 38.

    Facts and Malice, leader. 1944. Daily Telegraph, 12 December.

  39. 39.

    Daily Telegraph, 22 December, 1944.

  40. 40.

    M.W. Fodor was considered a Balkan expert. Hungarian born, he reported for Balkans, after the First World War. In the 1930s, he was Manchester Guardian correspondent in Vienna.

  41. 41.

    Daily Express, 7 December 1944.

  42. 42.

    Daily Mail, 9 December; leaders, 13 and 14 December 1944.

  43. 43.

    FO371/43710, R21254/73/19 and FO371/43709, R21155/73/19.

  44. 44.

    FO371/43709, tel. 633, Leeper to FO, 17 December 1944.

  45. 45.

    A Special Correspondent. 1944. The Observer, 10 December.

  46. 46.

    Hansard, vol. 406, cols. 983–988; Nicolson, Nigel (ed.). Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1930–1962. London: Collins, 1976, 417.

  47. 47.

    Liberation Pains. 1944. The Economist, 2 December, 723–724.

  48. 48.

    Towards a Greek Settlement? 1944. The Economist, 16 December, 799.

  49. 49.

    The Issue Before Labour. 1944. Tribune, 15 December.

  50. 50.

    Greece and the People of Britain. 1944. The New Statesman, 16 December; 9 December 1944, 381.

  51. 51.

    The Challenge of Greece. 1944. The New Statesman, 9 December, 381.

  52. 52.

    Greece and the People of Britain, and Mr. Churchill’s War. 1944. The New Statesman, 16 December.

  53. 53.

    Power Politics and the Big Powers. 1944. The New Statesman, 23 December, 415.

  54. 54.

    Cf. Koutsopanagou, Gioula. British Information and Cultural Publicity in Greece, 1943–1950. Peter Lang, 2019.

  55. 55.

    FO371/43708, tel. 405, Athens to FO, 30 November 1944.

  56. 56.

    FO371/43708, tel. 292, FO to Athens, 27 November 1944.

  57. 57.

    FO371/43708, Leeper to FO.

  58. 58.

    FO371/43708, tel. 474, Athens to FO, 5 December 1944.

  59. 59.

    FO371/43708, tel. 479, Athens to FO, 6 December 1944.

  60. 60.

    FO371/43708, letter FO to MOI, 16 December, and MOI to FO, 23 December 1944.

  61. 61.

    FO371/48234, Memorandum from Lancaster to Ridsdale, 21 December 1944.

  62. 62.

    McLachlan, In the Chair, 255, 256, 257.

  63. 63.

    FO371/43709, R21228/73/19, 11 December 1944.

  64. 64.

    Barrington-Ward’s diary (McLachlan, In the Chair, 255, 256, 257).

  65. 65.

    FO371/43698, tel. 594, Athens to FO, 13 December 1944. Yet, Newsome had left Bush House two months previously (FO371/48234, R1889, tel. 554, FO to Athens, 24 December 1944).

  66. 66.

    FO371/43698, tel. 470, FO to Athens, 15 December 1944.

  67. 67.

    PREM3 212/12, Athens to FO, 15 December 1944.

  68. 68.

    Lancaster, who used to be an art critic and caricaturist, even as press attaché had not discarded his pencil. One of his drawings was said to depict the disarming of Ares by Aphrodite (represented by a lady war correspondent, Claire Hollingworth). Another was Quixotic, with Geoffrey Hoare out to succour an imprisoned lady, attended by Hollingworth as page and Fodor as Sancho Panza (Capell, Simiomata, 129).

  69. 69.

    FO371/43736, tel. 459, Athens to FO, 4 December 1944, and FO371/43710, tel. 756, Athens to FO, 29 December 1944.

  70. 70.

    FO371/43710, tel. 756, Athens to FO, 29 December 1944.

  71. 71.

    FO371/43709, tel. 609, Athens to FO, 15 December 1944.

  72. 72.

    FO371/43709, tel. 503, FO to Athens, 18 December 1944.

  73. 73.

    FO371/43709, Minutes, 19 December 1944.

  74. 74.

    FO371/43709, tel. 523 FO to Athens, 20 December 1944.

  75. 75.

    FO371/47709, tel. 471, FO to Athens, 15 December 1944.

  76. 76.

    FO371/43739, tel. 733, Athens to FO, 27 December 1944.

  77. 77.

    FO371/43709, Colonel Kent to Brendan Bracken, 27 December 1944.

  78. 78.

    FO371/43739, Minutes by Sir O. Sargent, 27 December 1944.

  79. 79.

    FO371/43739, tel. 595, FO to Athens, 29 December 1944.

  80. 80.

    FO371/48233, Minutes by Nash, 28 December 1944.

  81. 81.

    The Times, December 27. See also 29 December 1944.

  82. 82.

    By a Corr. 1944. ‘What Next in Greece’. The Observer, 31 December.

  83. 83.

    Manchester Guardian, 27 December 1944.

  84. 84.

    Leader. 1944. News Chronicle, 27 December, 1944.

  85. 85.

    Manchester Guardian, 27 December 1944.

  86. 86.

    Daily Herald, 27 December 1944 and leader, 28 December 1944.

  87. 87.

    Daily Mail, 29 December 1944.

  88. 88.

    Daily Telegraph, 28 December 1944, and Washington correspondent, 30 December 1944.

  89. 89.

    Hansard, vol. 407, 18 January 1945, col. 400.

  90. 90.

    McDonald, The History of The Times, 123.

  91. 91.

    Mr. Churchill on Greece, leader. 1945. The Times, 19 January.

  92. 92.

    Leader. 1945. News Chronicle, 20 January.

  93. 93.

    Truth Will Out, leader. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 19 January.

  94. 94.

    The Whole Truth, leader. 1945. Daily Mail, 19 January.

  95. 95.

    Pandora’s Box, leader. 1945. Daily Mail, 22 January.

  96. 96.

    Close, David H. (ed.). The Greek Civil War, 1943–50: Studies of Polarization. Abingdon: Routledge, 1993, 88–89; Richter, Heinz. British Intervention in Greece: From Varkiza to Civil War, February 1945 to August 1946. Translated by Marion Sarafis. The Merlin Press, 1986, 10–11; McNeil, The Greek Dilemma, 155.

  97. 97.

    Leaders. 1945. The Times, 13 and 17 January. See also leaders, 9, 15, and 19 January; diplomatic correspondent. 22 January 1945; Geoffrey Hoare, 29 January.

  98. 98.

    Leader. 1945. Manchester Guardian, 8 January.

  99. 99.

    Reuters. 1945. Manchester Guardian, 12 January.

  100. 100.

    Daily Telegraph, 30 December 1944 and 1 January 1945.

  101. 101.

    Daily Telegraph, 18 January 1945.

  102. 102.

    Daily Express, 13 January 1945.

  103. 103.

    Uneasy Truce, leader. 1945. Daily Mail, 13 January.

  104. 104.

    Documents Regarding the Situation in Greece, Cmd 6592 (London: HMSO, 1945).

  105. 105.

    FO371/48250, R1905/4/19, Leeper to FO, 25 January 1945.

  106. 106.

    Papastratis, Procopis. British Policy Towards Greece During the Second World War, 1941–1944, Cambridge University Press, 1984, 221–222.

  107. 107.

    FO371/48234, R1326, Leeper’s tels. nos. 127, 130, 134, 135, 10 January 1945; tel. 379, FO to Washington, 12 January 1945.

  108. 108.

    Leader. 1945. The Times, leader, 12 January.

  109. 109.

    Diplomatic correspondent. 1945. Manchester Guardian, 12 January.

  110. 110.

    Mackay, Ian. 1945. News Chronicle, 15 January.

  111. 111.

    Industrial correspondent. 1945. The Observer, 14 January.

  112. 112.

    Leader. 1945. News Chronicle, 20 January.

  113. 113.

    Opinion Column. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 13 January; Leader. 1945. Daily Express, 13 January; Prospects in Greece, leader. 1945. Daily Mail, 12 January.

  114. 114.

    Evans, Trevor. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 16 January; Broadbent Wilson, political correspondent. 1945. Daily Mail, 16 January.

  115. 115.

    FO371/48246, R770, Leeper to FO, 10 January 1945; FO371/48247, R1053; FO371/48248, R1415, draft letter from Churchill to Citrine, 16 January 1945.

  116. 116.

    What We Saw in Greece, Report of the TUC Delegation, pp. 16, 17.

  117. 117.

    Lord Citrine, Walter McLennan. Two Careers. London: Hutchinson, 1967, 213.

  118. 118.

    Lumby, C.D.R. (1888–1946). Magdalene College, Cambridge. Foreign correspondent for The Times in many European centres, 1913–1931; Middle East correspondent, 1931–1937; correspondent in Rome, 1937–1939; sent to Rotterdam at the outbreak of war, 1939; war correspondent in Middle East, 1940; North Africa, and Italy from 1943 until his death (McDonald, The History of The Times, 79).

  119. 119.

    Leader. 1945. The Times, l and 9 February.

  120. 120.

    Leader. 1945. Manchester Guardian, 9 February.

  121. 121.

    Reynolds News, in an editorial on 11 February 1945, wrote: ‘And after reading both reports, we say with regret that for an understanding insight into the historical and contemporary causes of the tragedy we have to turn not to the report of our own movement, but to the editor of a Liberal newspaper.’

  122. 122.

    Ewer. Greece: Still No Full Story. Daily Herald, 2 February 1945.

  123. 123.

    The Observer, 4 February 1945.

  124. 124.

    Nazi Legacy, leader. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 2 February.

  125. 125.

    Truth Conquers, leader. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 9 February.

  126. 126.

    Daily Mail, 9 February 1945.

  127. 127.

    FO371/48233, R356, Lancaster to Ridsdale, 5 January 1945; Minutes, 6–7 January 1945.

  128. 128.

    Cummings, A.J. 1945. News Chronicle, 12 January.

  129. 129.

    Truth will out, leader. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 19 January.

  130. 130.

    Barrington-Ward Diary, 1 January 1945.

  131. 131.

    Leader. 1945. The Times, January.

  132. 132.

    The Times, 28 February 1945.

  133. 133.

    Peace at Last, leader. 1945. Manchester Guardian, 13 January 1945.

  134. 134.

    Leader. 1945. Manchester Guardian, 13 February.

  135. 135.

    Truth Conquers, leader. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 9 February.

  136. 136.

    Daily Telegraph, 1, 2, 4, and 8 January 1945.

  137. 137.

    Daily Telegraph, 10 January 1945.

  138. 138.

    Facts in Greece, leader. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 11 January.

  139. 139.

    Is It Peace? leader. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 15 January.

  140. 140.

    Leader. 1945. Daily Telegraph, 13 February.

  141. 141.

    Leader. 1945. Daily Express, 13 January.

  142. 142.

    Leader. 1945. Daily Mail, 12 January 1945. See also leader, 13 January.

  143. 143.

    We Say No, leader. 1945. Daily Mail, 6 January.

  144. 144.

    Ewer. 1945. Daily Mail, 18 January; Leader. 16 January. See also 17 January.

  145. 145.

    Leader. 1945. Daily Mail, 16 January. See also 17 January.

  146. 146.

    Greek Civil War Ends. 1945. Tribune, 16 February, 6–7.

  147. 147.

    FO371/72215, R10258, Minutes by J. Cormick, 4 September 1948. Cormick to Athens, 7 September 1948.

  148. 148.

    FO371/48233, R385 tel. 103, Ridsdale to Lancaster, 9 January 1945.

  149. 149.

    Sir Gerald Barry’s Papers, Barry in Greece, Diary, 24, 19 January 1945.

  150. 150.

    Sir Gerald Barry’s Papers, Barry in Greece, Diary, 25, 15 February 1945.

  151. 151.

    News Chronicle, 8 February 1945.

  152. 152.

    Sir Gerald Barry’s Papers, Barry in Greece, Diary, 24, Col. Sheet.

  153. 153.

    News Chronicle, 9 February 1945.

  154. 154.

    News Chronicle, 12 February 1945.

  155. 155.

    Forbes, Alastair. Have We Lost Our Sense of Justice? Daily Mail.

  156. 156.

    Siantos, G. (1890–1947). Chief of KKE Central Committee, 1942, replaced by Zachariadis as Secretary of KKE Central Committee, 1945. Generals Mandakas and Hadjimichalis were members of the Central Committee of the ELAS.

  157. 157.

    Salusbury, F.H. 1945. Daily Herald, 21 February.

  158. 158.

    FO371/48233, R209, Major Maclagan to Laskey M.O.5/D.O., 1 January 1945.

  159. 159.

    FO371/48233, tel. 64, Athens to FO, 5 January 1945.

  160. 160.

    FO371/48233, R515, tel. 83, Leeper to FO, 7 January 1945.

  161. 161.

    FO371/48233, R515, tel. 83 Athens to FO, 7 January 1945. Minutes, Laskey and Howard, 9 January 1945. Howard, 13 January 1945.

  162. 162.

    FO371/48234, R1889.

  163. 163.

    They had first met in Cairo in 1943 when Hoare had, until recently, been the editor of the Egyptian Gazette but had just accepted a post with The Times (Garrett, Patrick. Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth: First of the Female War Correspondents. London: Two Roads, 2016, 186–187, 195).

  164. 164.

    W.M. Cordington to R. Barrington-Ward, 5 December 1944. Barrington-Ward to Cordington, 18 December 1944. Greece, 1945–1954 file. The Times Archives.

  165. 165.

    FO371/48234, R1365, tel. 239, Lancaster to Ridsdale 17 January 1945. Ridsdale to Lancaster, 30 January 1945.

  166. 166.

    C.D.R. Lumby to R. Deakin, 29 March 1945. Barrington-Ward to Lumby, 26 April 1945. Greece, 1945–1954 file. The Times Archives.

  167. 167.

    Hansard, vol. 407, 18 January 1945, col. 400.

  168. 168.

    Barrington-Ward Diary, 18 January 1945.

  169. 169.

    Barrington-Ward Diary, 25 January 1945.

  170. 170.

    Aims in Greece, leader. 1945. The Times, 23 January.

  171. 171.

    FO371/48235, R3613, Major Randolph Churchill’s statement 13 February 1945. Letter from Chancellor (Reuters) to Ridsdale, 16 February 1945. Minutes, Ridsdale, 16 February 1945, Laskey, 19 February 1945.

  172. 172.

    Spotlight. 1945. News Chronicle, 16 February; Barry, Gerald. 1945. World’s Press News, 19 February. Sir Gerald Barry’s Papers, Barry in Greece, Diary, 25.

  173. 173.

    PREM3 212/10 Peck to Sendall, 4 December 1944.

  174. 174.

    FO371/48234, R1889, Athens to FO, 21 December 1944; FO to Athens, 24 December 1944.

  175. 175.

    FO371/48234, Lancaster’s Memorandum of 21 December 1944.

  176. 176.

    FO371/48234, R1889, Ryan to Sendall, 17 January 1945. Sendall to Ridsdale, 18 January 1945. Minutes by Laskey, 30 January and 27 February 1945.

  177. 177.

    FO371/48234, Minutes, 23 February 1945.

  178. 178.

    See FO371/48234 Ryan to Sendall, 17 January 1945.

  179. 179.

    FO371/48234, R1153, Ridsdale to Lancaster, 18 January 1945.

  180. 180.

    FO371/48235, R2402, tel. 403, Lancaster to Francis Williams, 2 February 1945. See also tel. 457 (additional to tel. 403) 6 February 1945.

  181. 181.

    FO371/48235, R2402, tel. 385 Williams to Lancaster, 4 February 1945.

  182. 182.

    FO371/48235, R2668, tel. 515, Williams to Lancaster, 15 February 1945.

  183. 183.

    FO371/48235, R3429, tel. 561, Lancaster to Williams, 18 February 1945.

  184. 184.

    FO371/48235, R3429, Minutes, 12 February–1 March 1945.

  185. 185.

    FO371/48235, R3425, tel. 775, FO to Athens, 26 March 1945.

  186. 186.

    FO371/48235, R3473, tel. 560, Lancaster to Williams, 18 February 1945.

  187. 187.

    FO371/48235, R3473, tel. 599, Williams to Lancaster, 28 February 1945.

  188. 188.

    FO371/48236, R4467, tel. 683, Lancaster to Ridsdale, 6 March 1945.

  189. 189.

    FO371/48236, R4467, tel. 666, Ridsdale to Lancaster, 9 March 1945.

  190. 190.

    Richter, British Intervention in Greece, 43–44 fn. 30.

  191. 191.

    Byford-Jones, The Greek Trilogy, 155–160.

  192. 192.

    FO371/48234, Lancaster’s Memorandum, 21 December 1944.

  193. 193.

    See diplomatic correspondent. 1945. The Times, 3 and 4 January; Leader. 5 and 9 January. Manchester Guardian, 8 January 1945.

  194. 194.

    Hansard, Parliamentary Question, 16 January 1945, vol. 407, cols. 29–30.

  195. 195.

    Manchester Guardian, January 12, 1945. See also Hoare, G. January 30, 1945.

  196. 196.

    A.C. Sedgwick had social relations with the Greek upper class. His Greek wife, Roxane (née Sotiriadis), came from a banking family of conservative political views. She had served at the British Embassy before the war as an interpreter guide for visiting notables. She was assigned to Sir Walter McLennan Citrine as interpreter (Richter, British Intervention in Greece, 30 n. 56). The Sedgwicks did not stay at the Grande Bretagne Hotel, as did the rest of the press corps. Their luxury apartment overlooked the British Embassy. Among their family friends were Cyril and Marina Sulzberger, a New York Times correspondent, who later served in Greece, and Mary Cawadias (now Lady Henderson), who later became the Time-Life’s correspondent and married Stephen Barber, the AP Athens correspondent and later News Chronicle’s Athens correspondent. (Henderson, Mary. Xenia: A Memoir, Greece 1919–1949. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988, 44, 46, 128.)

  197. 197.

    The protest goes: ‘Lt.Gen. Scobie has placed in force, on a ground of military security, regulations which make it impossible for American correspondents to interview and make known to the American public the political views of EAM leaders who are opposing him. The correspondents have asked, in the public interest, to be permitted to interview EAM leaders with British officers present. Gen. Scobie, replying to this request, has forbidden all contact with the “enemy.” We ask that the US Government take all required steps to ensure that American correspondents may be freed from the restraint named, in order that the deeply interested American public may be enabled rightfully and without any infringement of British military security to hear occasionally part of the EAM view of the present conflict.’ This letter was signed by M.W. Fodor, Farnsworth Fowle, Clay Gowran, Joseph Harrison, Reg. Ingraham, Guthrie Janssen, Dimitri Kessel, Panos Morphopoulos, C. Poulos, J. Roper, and G. Weller (Capell, Simiomata, 120–130).

  198. 198.

    Greece in the Commons, leader. 1945. The Times, 17 January.

  199. 199.

    See political corr. 1945. Manchester Guardian, 17 January; News Chronicle, 17 January; Ewer. Daily Herald, 18 January.

  200. 200.

    FO371/48233, R889, tel. 147, Lancaster to Ridsdale, 11 January 1945.

  201. 201.

    FO371/48233, R889, tel. 1084, FO to Washington, 2 February 1945.

  202. 202.

    FO371/48235, R2570, tel. 11 Athens to Washington, 5 February 1945.

  203. 203.

    FO371/48235, R2570, Minutes by Donally, 7 February 1945.

  204. 204.

    FO371/48233, R750, tel. 187, Washington to FO, 9 January 1945.

  205. 205.

    FO371/48233, R910, tel. 148, Athens to FO, 11 January 1945. Minutes by Laskey, 12 January 1945.

  206. 206.

    FO371/48233, R889, Washington to MOI, no. 40 Empax, 29 January 1945.

  207. 207.

    FO371/48235, R2570, Athens to Washington, 5 February 1945.

  208. 208.

    Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 255.

  209. 209.

    Two Worlds in Focus. National Peace Council, 105.

  210. 210.

    The first Soviet reporter arrived in Athens in mid-February 1945.

  211. 211.

    Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 255.

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    Gioula Koutsopanagou

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Koutsopanagou, G. (2020). Managing the Press Storm of December 1944. In: The British Press and the Greek Crisis, 1943–1949. Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55155-9_6

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