Abstract
It is a great pleasure to have been asked to provide an afterword to this volume, a commission falling to me as the editor of the very first collection of essays on a similar theme published in the early 1990s. That volume, Minorities in Wartime, evolved, similarly to this volume’s origins, from a conference at Keele University on the relationship between war and minorities in Europe, North America and Australia during both twentieth century world wars.
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Notes
- 1.
Panikos Panayi, ed., Minorities in Wartime: National and Racial Groupings in Europe, North America and Australia During the Two World Wars (Oxford: Berg, 1993).
- 2.
Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain During the First World War (Oxford: Berg, 1991).
- 3.
See, most recently, Ian Haywoood and John Seed, eds., The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
- 4.
Panikos Panayi, “The British Empire Union in World War I,” Immigrants and Minorities 8:1–2 (1989): 113–128.
- 5.
Panayi, Enemy, 97.
- 6.
Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans and World War I (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974); Frederick C. Luebke, Germans in Brazil: A Comparative History of Cultural Conflict during World War I (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
- 7.
Gerhard Fischer, Enemy Aliens: Internment and the Homefront Experience in Australia, 1914–1920 (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1989).
- 8.
Panikos Panayi, ed., Germans as Minorities During the First World War: A Global Comparative Perspective (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014).
- 9.
See Panikos Panayi, “Minorities,” in The Cambridge History of the First World War, Vol. III Civil Society, ed. Jay Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 216–241.
- 10.
This phrase comes from Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn, eds., Traditions of Intolerance: Historical Perspectives on Fascism and Race Discourse in Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989).
- 11.
Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: A Short History of the Twentieth Century (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), 6–7, taking a global approach, described the “decades from the outbreak of the First World War to the aftermath of the Second” as “an Age of Catastrophe”. See, more recently, Heinrich August Winkler, The Age of Catastrophe 1914–1945 (London: Yale University Press, 2015).
- 12.
One of the best comparisons of these two episodes consists of: Robert F. Melson, Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and Holocaust (London: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
- 13.
Christian Koller, “The Recruitment of Colonial Troops in Africa and Asia and their Deployment in Europe During the First World War,” Immigrants and Minorities, 26:1–2 (2008): 113.
- 14.
Ulrich Herbert, A History of Foreign Labour in Germany, 1880–1980 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990), 87–119.
- 15.
See, for example, John Horne, “Immigrant Workers in France During World War One,” French Historical Studies 14:1 (1985).
- 16.
Tyler Stovall, “The Color Line Behind the Lines: Racial Violence in France During the Great War,” American Historical Review 103:3 (1998).
- 17.
Koller, “Recruitment,” 113–114.
- 18.
Government of India, India’s Contribution to the Great War (Calcutta, 1923), 96–97.
- 19.
The pioneering Vahakn Dadrian contributed to the Keele volume. See Vahakn Dadrian, “The Role of the Special Organisation in the Armenian Genocide During the First World War,” in Minorities in Wartime, ed., Panayi, 50–82. The most comprehensive recent study is Raymond Kevorkian, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History (London: IB Tauris, 2011).
- 20.
Mark Levene, “Frontiers of Genocide: Jews in the Eastern War Zones, 1914–1920 and 1941,” in Minorities in Wartime, ed., Panayi, 83–117.
- 21.
Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State, Three Volumes (London: I B Tauris, 2005–2013). See also his two subsequent books: Devastation, Volume 1, The European Rimlands 1912–1938 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); Annihilation, Volume 2, The European Rimlands 1939–1953 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
- 22.
For a series of essays stressing the centrality of the Second World War in the Holocaust see: Jeremy Black, ed., The Second World War, Volume V, The Holocaust (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).
- 23.
Roger Daniels, Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II (London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971).
- 24.
Jörg Nagler, Nationale Minoritäten im Krieg: “Feindliche Ausländer” und die amerikanische Heimatfront während des Ersten Weltkriegs (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2000).
- 25.
Robert Gerwarth, The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917–1923 (London: Allen Lane, 2016).
- 26.
See the list of projects supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council funded Centre for Hidden Histories at the University of Nottingham: http://hiddenhistorieswwi.ac.uk/projects/.
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Panayi, P. (2017). Afterword. In: Ewence, H., Grady, T. (eds) Minorities and the First World War. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53975-5_11
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