Abstract
Development can be viewed as a powerful discourse within a set of institutions that gained momentum and was thrust into global politics post-World War II. Previous to this the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development were among a group of institutions established in response to growing financial uncertainties after the Great Depression and during the Cold War (Leys 1996). Escobar claimed that the emergence of development practices and development discourse in fact produced the ‘Third World’ (1995, p. 4). According to Escobar the less developed
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Notes
- 1.
The Amsterdam conference was the first in a series of ‘Next Step’ conferences aimed to gather experts and advocates in the field of SDP. This included government representatives, development organisations and academics.
- 2.
Louise Frechette, Deputy Secretary General of the UN claims: ‘Our member states remain deeply divided on key issues—divisions which paralyse collective action and cripple multilateral institutions. … We still lack adequate standby arrangements to enable quick deployment, with the necessary strategic reserve’ (cited in Heinbecker and Goff 2005, pp. 11–13).
- 3.
Between 1960 and 1964, the UN Forces in Congo (ONUC) provided 20,000 personnel and soldiers to Congo. The mission was deemed ineffectual by many an observer when the ONUC-departed fighting resumed until the end of the cold war. It was a mission that nearly bankrupted the UN. Other campaigns followed in Somalia (1992), Rwanda (1994) and Yugoslavia (1999) and were all tainted with massacres and brutal civil conflicts that the UN could not and did not prevent.
- 4.
UN Security Resolution 733 and UN Security Council Resolution 746 formed a strategy to deal with the Somalian civil unrest. Since 1991 an estimated 350,000–1,000,000 Somalis died as a consequence of conflict and poverty. There were an estimated 1,000,000 refugees and almost 5,000,000 people threatened by hunger and disease.
- 5.
NATO was established upon the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. Currently twenty-eight nations are members of NATO from North America and Europe, with the main purpose of creating an alliance amongst nations, protection and engagement in humanitarian global efforts.
- 6.
The tradition of the ‘Truce’ or ‘Ekecheiria’ was established in ancient Greece in the ninth century BC by the signing of a treaty between three kings. During the Truce period, the athletes, artists and their families, as well as ordinary pilgrims, could travel in total safety to participate in or attend the Olympic Games and return afterwards to their respective countries. As the opening of the Games approached, the sacred Truce was proclaimed and announced by citizens of Elis who travelled throughout Greece to pass on the message (IOC 2013, Olympic Truce).
- 7.
The UN Charter was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the UN conference on International Organisation. It is the fundamental treaty for the UN stating its purpose, defining criteria for membership and describing the structure and institutions of the UN and their powers.
- 8.
The partnership between ‘Olympic Aid’ and the UN continued during the 2000 Sydney Games. Olympic Aid supported UNHCR efforts to assist Eritreans fleeing into Sudan by holding an Olympic Festival and Coaching Clinics for children in refugee camps along the Sudan–Eritrea border.
- 9.
The Millennium Development Goals are to (1) eradicate extreme poverty, (2) achieve universal primary education. (3) promote gender equality and empower women, (4) reduce child mortality, (5) improve maternal health, (6) combat HIV, malaria and other diseases, (7) ensure environmental sustainability and (8) develop global partnerships.
- 10.
Mahbub Ul Haq was a pioneer of the Human Development Theory and founder of the Human Development Report for the United Nations Development Programme. From 1989 to 1995 he was Special Advisor to UNDP administrator and in 1996 he founded the Human Development Centre in Pakistan.
- 11.
UN ambassadors are appointed via invitation by the heads or individual agencies of the UN or by voluntarily showing interest in specific causes. UNICEF currently has over 150 ambassadors. UNDP’s Goodwill Ambassadors include Ivory Coast and Chelsea footballer Didier Drogba, Brazil and Barcelona footballer Ronaldo, the Russian-born former Wimbledon tennis champion Maria Sharapova, former France and Real Madrid footballer Zinedine Zidane and star of American basketball Lebron James.
- 12.
One example of their work is evident in Rwanda. ‘Right to Play’ considered their remit in such a milieu to be ‘conflict resolution, care of orphans, gaps in healthy child development, HIV and Aids and improved inclusion of girls and vulnerable children within society’ (Play to learn, Rwanda). UNICEF supported the ‘Right to Play’ project by working with the Rwandan Government.
- 13.
It should be noted here that I intend no criticism and under no circumstances is the intention of Paul Robson or his family under scrutiny. This gesture was one that had particular meaning to the Robson family and was done out of kindness. Anonymity seems pointless considering the record of Paul’s visit on the CAFOD web site. www.cafod.org.uk/News/international-News/Liberia-football-2010-07-30
- 14.
DBH worked in selected schools in Monrovia. They established focus groups of students whom they worked with on an ad hoc basis.
- 15.
A slum area in Monrovia.
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Collison, H. (2016). In Pursuit of the Winners: SDP and Football Interventions. In: Youth and Sport for Development. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52470-6_4
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