Skip to main content

Experience Sampling Methods in Critical Event Studies: Theory and Practice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1393 Accesses

Part of the book series: Leisure Studies in a Global Era ((LSGE))

Abstract

This chapter aims to critically discuss the role of experience sampling methods (ESMs) in critical event studies. In doing so, this chapter will reflect upon the author’s doctoral primary research and will begin by providing an overview of the quantitative ESM approach and its development to a qualitative descriptive experience sampling (DES). This will be followed by a discussion regarding the ontological and epistemological shift that underpins the DES data collection method used. The research employs a critical realism perspective to inform a phenomenological approach to research enquiry and therefore the key theories of these perspectives will be discussed. Following this, the chapter will debate the considerations of method execution that DES requires and how these can be met and mediated to help ensure that the data and subsequent results are consistent and valid. It is therefore the aim of this chapter to provide a critical overview of (descriptive) experience sampling methods. This includes the history and development of the method, a shift towards a critical philosophical position and, based on the author’s experiences, the methodological considerations for its use in primary research. In doing so, it provides the reader with a deeper understanding of this method and how it can contribute to critical event studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aitchison, C. C. (2006). The critical and the cultural: Explaining the divergent paths of leisure studies and tourism studies. Leisure Studies, 25(4), 417–422. doi:10.1080/02614360600896411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, L., Bennett, R. R., & Drennan, J. (2011). Capturing affective experiences using the SMS Experience Sampling (SMS-ES) method. International Journal of Market Research, 53(4), 1–27. doi:10.2501/ijmr-53-4-479-506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth, P. (2015). Conceptual foundation of qualitative psychology. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (3rd ed.pp. 4–25). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth, P. D. (2006). Seeing oneself as a carer in the activity of caring: Attending to the lifeworld of a person with Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 212–125. doi:10.3402/qhw.v1i4.4935.

  • Ballantyne, J. & Packer, J. (2013). Designing and managing music festival experiences to enhance attendees’ psychological and social benefits. Musicae Scientiae, 18(1), 65–83. doi:10.1177/1029864913511845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar, R. (1998). Critical realism and dialectic. In M. Archer, R. Bhaskar, A. Collier, T. Lawson, & A. Norrie (Eds.), Critical realism: Essential readings (Critical Realism–Interventions) (pp. 575–640). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocki, J. M. & Wearden, A. J. (2006). A critical evaluation of the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in health psychology. Psychology & Health, 21(1), 87–108. doi:10.1080/14768320500230185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, P. J. & Franzoi, S. L. (1988). Studying situations and identities using experiential sampling methodology. American Sociological Review, 53(4), 559–568. doi:10.2307/2095849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bylsma, L. M. & Rottenburg, J. (2010). Uncovering the dynamics of emotion regulation and dysfunction in daily life with ecological momentary assessment. In I. Nyklíček, A. Vingerhoets, & M. Zeelenberg (Eds.), Emotion regulation and well-being (pp. 225–244). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerin, E., Szabo, A., & Williams, C. (2001). Is the experience sampling method (ESM) appropriate for studying pre-competitive emotions? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2(1), 27–45. doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(00)00009-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, C. (2009). An introduction to interpretative phenomenological analysis: A useful approach for occupational therapy research. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(1), 37–39. doi:10.1177/030802260907200107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, A. (1994). Critical realism: An introduction to Roy Bhaskar’s philosophy (vol. 1994,). New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corning, P. A. (2002). The emergence of ‘Emergence’: Now what? Emergence, 4(3), 54–71. doi:10.1207/s15327000em0403-05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(9), 526–536. doi:10.1097/00005053-198709000-00004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Rathunde, K. (2014). Adolescent happiness and family interaction. Applications of Flow in Human Development and Education, 359–378. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9094-9_19.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, M. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2006). The experience of psychopathology: Investigating mental disorders in their natural settings. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, K., Joseph, J., & Norrie, A. (2005). New essays in critical realism. New Formations, 56(1), 8–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder-Vass, D. (2004). Re-examining Bhaskar’s three ontological domains: The lessons from emergence. IACR Conference. Cambridge, pp. 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmel, N. (2013). Sampling and choosing cases in qualitative research: A realist approach. United Kingdom: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Englander, M. (2012). The interview: Data collection in descriptive phenomenological human scientific research. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 43(1), 13–35. doi:10.1163/156916212x632943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, L. (2012). Unfolding the phenomenological research process: Iterative stages of ‘Seeing Afresh’. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 53(2), 172–201. doi:10.1177/0022167812453877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Skouteris, H., Richardson, B., Blore, J., Holmes, M., & Mills, J. (2013). Does the burden of the experience sampling method undermine data quality in state body image research? Body Image, 10(4), 607–613. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Getz, D. (2012). Event studies: Discourses and future directions. Event Management, 16(2), 171–187. doi:10.3727/152599512x13343565268456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi, A. (1995). Phenomenological psychology. In J. A. Smith, R. Harre, & L. Van Lnagerhoven (Eds.), Rethinking psychology (pp. 24–43). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi, A. (2006). Concerning variations in the application of the phenomenological method. The Humanistic Psychologist, 34(4), 305–319. doi:10.1207/s15473333thp3404_2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greasley, A. E. & Lamont, A. (2011). Exploring engagement with music in everyday life using experience sampling methodology. Musicae Scientiae, 15(1), 45–71. doi:10.1177/1029864910393417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groff, R. (2015). Critical realism, post-positivism, and the possibility of knowledge. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartwig, M. (2007). A dictionary of critical realism. United Kingdom: Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heavey, C. L., Hurlburt, R. T., & Lefforge, N. L. (2010). Descriptive experience sampling: A method for exploring momentary inner experience. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 7(4), 345–368. doi:10.1080/14780880903009274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hektner, J. M., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Schmidt, J. A. (2007). Experience sampling method: Measuring the quality of everyday life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlburt, R. T. (1990). Sampling normal and schizophrenic inner experience. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlburt, R. T. (1993). Sampling inner experience in disturbed affect. New York: Plenum Publishing Co., N.Y.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlburt, R. T. & Heavey, C. L. (2001). Telling What We Know: Describing Inner Experience. Trends in Cognitive Science 5(9), 400–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurlburt, R. T. & Schwitzgebel, E. (2007). Describing inner experience?: Proponent meets skeptic (Bradford Books). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juslin, P. N., Liljeström, S., Västfjäll, D., Barradas, G., & Silva, A. (2008). An experience sampling study of emotional reactions to music: Listener, music, and situation. Emotion, 8(5), 668–683. doi:10.1037/a0013505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 306(5702), 1776–1780. doi:10.1126/science.1103572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, A. E., North, A. C., & Hewitt, L. Y. (2013). Music-listening in everyday life: Devices and choice. Psychology of Music, 43(2), 155–170. doi:10.1177/0305735613496860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubey, R. W. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Television as escape: Subjective experience before an evening of heavy viewing. Communication Reports, 3(2), 92–100. doi:10.1080/08934219009367509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laiho, S. (2004). The psychological functions of music in adolescence. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 13(1), 47–63. doi:10.1080/08098130409478097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., Huberman, M. A., & Saldana, J. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. CA, United States: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittelstaedt, R. D. (2001). Measuring leisure in the 21st century: The strengths and limitations of three techniques. Leisure/Loisir, 26(3–4), 147–189. doi:10.1080/14927713.2001.9651287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, S. (2002). The self identity of young musicians. In R. Macdonald, D. Hargreaves, & D. Miell (Eds.), Musical identities (pp. 78–96). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer, J. & Ballantyne, J. (2010). The impact of music festival attendance on young people’s psychological and social well-being. Psychology of Music, 39(2), 164–181. doi:10.1177/0305735610372611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, R. S. & Robson, C. (1995). The limits of experimentation: On researching music and musical settings. Psychology of Music, 23(1), 39–47. doi:10.1177/0305735695231003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, A. (1972). A phenomenological analysis of emotional experience in music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 20(2), 262–267. doi:10.2307/3344092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punch, K. F. (2013). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raento, M., Oulasvirta, A., & Eagle, N. (2009). Smartphones: An emerging tool for social scientists. Sociological Methods & Research, 37(3), 426–454. doi:10.1177/0049124108330005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, W. M., Rickard, N. S., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2014). Emotional outcomes of regulation strategies used during personal music listening: A mobile experience sampling study. Musicae Scientiae, 18(3), 275–291. doi:10.1177/1029864914536430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, W. M. & Rickard, N. S. (2013). Development and trial of a mobile experience sampling method (m-ESM) for personal music listening. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 31(2), 157–170. doi:10.1525/mp.2013.31.2.157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, K., Flowers, P., & Karkin, M. (2005). Exploring lived experience. Psychologist, 18(1), 20–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M., & Arnold, M. (2007). Day Experience Samplin Toolkit. Retrieved February 1, 2015 from http://www.mathewriddle.com/papers/Day_ExperienRice_Resource_Kit.pdf.

  • Roulston, K. J. (2010). Reflective interviewing: A guide to theory and practice. United Kingdom: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmack, U. (2003). Affect measurement in experience sampling research. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4(1), 79–106. doi:10.1023/a:1023661322862.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scollon, C. N. & Kim-Prieto, C. (2003). Experience sampling: Promises and pitfalls, strengths and weaknesses. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4(1), 5–34. doi:10.1023/a:1023605205115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sloboda, J. A., O’Neil, S., & Invaldi, A. (2001). Functions of music in everyday life: An exploratory study using the experience sampling method. Music Scientiae, 5(1), 9–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. (2009). The Personal Experience of Carers of Individuals with Motor Neurone Disease (MND) and their Experiences of Services. Unpublished PhD thesis. Available online at: http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/1221/ last accessed 24th March 2016.

  • Smith, J. A. (1996). Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Psychology & Health, 11(2), 261–271. doi:10.1080/08870449608400256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A. (2015). Subject areas and references. Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://www.ipa.bbk.ac.uk/references.

  • Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. United Kingdom: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A., Harre, R., & Van Langenhove, L. (1995). Introduction. In J. A. Smith, R. Harre, & L. Van Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking psychology (pp. 1–9). London: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A. & Osborn, M. (2007). Pain as an assault on the self: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the psychological impact of chronic benign low back pain. Psychology & Health, 22(5), 517–534. doi:10.1080/14768320600941756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A. & Osborn, M. (2015). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (3rd ed.pp. 25–52). United Kingdom: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, J. M. (2003). Ecological momentary assessment research in behavioral medicine. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4(1), 35–52. doi:10.1023/a:1023657221954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Manen, M. (1997). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. London, Ontario: Althouse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E., Kenyon, A., & Moss, J. (2012). Researching Gen Y in their natural habitat: Experience and emotion, music and drink. Academy of Marketing Annual Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E. H. & Moss, J. (2015). Capturing emotions: Experience sampling at live music events. Arts and the Market, 5(1), 45–72. doi:10.1108/am-02-2013-0002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moss, J. (2016). Experience Sampling Methods in Critical Event Studies: Theory and Practice. In: R Lamond, I., Platt, L. (eds) Critical Event Studies. Leisure Studies in a Global Era. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52386-0_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52386-0_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-52384-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-52386-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics