Abstract
How is migrant domestic labour impacting on the changing face of gender equality and citizenship in Europe? This chapter introduces in-depth research conducted in nine different European countries to explore paid domestic labour through the lens of two concepts central to European policy and identity making: gender equality and citizenship. It approaches gender equality and citizenship as fluid, complex, and interrelated phenomena, which are taking on a variety of forms in localised contexts across Europe. By focusing on discourses, social relations, and political processes relating to domestic labour, this chapter shows how the volume contributes to a rethinking of the vital relation between this form of employment, the formal and informal citizenship of migrant workers, and the cultural and political value of gender equality.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Only five European countries have ratified the Domestic Workers Convention. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:2551460
References
Anderson, B. (2000). Doing the dirty work. The global politics of domestic labour. London and New York: Zed Books.
Anderson, B. (2007). A very private business. Exploring the demand for migrant domestic workers. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 14(3), 247–264.
Anderson, B., & Shutes, I. (Eds.) (2014). Migration and care labour. Theory, policy and politics. Houndsmill, Basingstroke, Hamshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Annfelt, T., & Gullikstad, B. (2013). Kjønnslikestilling i inkluderingens tjeneste. Tidsskrift for kjønnsforskning, 37(3–4), 309–328.
Anthias, F., Morokvasic-Müller, M., & Kontos, M. (2013). Introduction: Paradoxes of integration. In F. Anthias, M. Morokvasic-Müller, & M. Kontos (Eds.), Paradoxes of integration: Female migrants in Europe. International Perspectives on Migration 4. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4842-2_1.
Bauböck, R. (2011). Temporary migrants, partial citizenship and hypermigration. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 14(5), 665–693.
Benhabib, S., & Resnik, J. (Eds.) (2009). Migrations and mobilities. Citizenship, borders and gender. New York: New York University Press.
Berg, A.-J., Flemmen, A. B., & Gullikstad, B. (Eds.) (2010). Likestilte norskheter: Om kjønn og etnisitet. Trondheim: Tapir akademisk forlag.
Bikova, M. (2015). In a minefield of transnational social relations—Filipino au pairs between moral obligations and personal amibitions. In R. Cox (Ed.), Au pair’s lives in a global context. Sister or servant? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bikova, M. (2010). The snake in the grass of gender equality. In L. W. Isaksen (Ed.), Global care work: Gender and migration in Nordic societies. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Bosniak, L. (2009). Citizenship, non-citizenship, and the transnationalization of domestic work. In S. Benhabib & J. Resnik (Eds.), Migrations and mobilities. Citizenship, borders and gender. New York: New York University Press.
Brah, A. (2003). Diaspora, border and transnational identities. In R. Lewis & S. Mills (Eds.), Feminist postcoloninal theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs, 38(4), 785–810.
Christensen, H. R., & Breengaard, M. H. (2011). Mainstreaming gender, diversity and citizenship: Concepts and methodologies. FEMCIT. WP7 Working Paper No. 4. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
Cox, R. (2006). The servant problem: Domestic employment in a global economy. London: Tauris.
Cox, R. (2012). Invisible Au pairs: Gendered work and migration regimes. In R. Sollund (Ed.), Transnational migration, gender and rights. Advances in Ecopolitics (Vol. 10, pp. 33–52). Bingley: Emarald Group Publishing.
Cox, R. (Ed.) (2015). Au pair’s lives in a global context. Sister or servant? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Davis, K. (2008). Intersectionality as buzzword. A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful. Feminist Theory, 9(1), 67–85.
Dobrowolsky, A., & Tastsoglou, E. (2006). Crossing boundaries and making connections. In E. Tastsoglou & A. Dobrowolsky (Eds.), Women, migration and citizenship. Making local, national and transnational connections. Aldershot, Burlington: Ashgate.
Eggebø, H. (2012). The regulation of marriage migration to Norway. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bergen.
Einarsdottir, T., & Thorvaldsdottir, T. (2007). Gender equality and the intersectional turn. Kvinder, køn & forskning, 16 Vol 16 (1), 20–31.
Ellingsæter, A.-L., & Leira, A. (2006). Introduction: Politicising parenthood in Scandinavia. In A.-L. Ellingsæter & A. Leira (Eds.), Politicising parenthood in Scandinavia. Bristol: The Polity Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2000). A welfare state for the 21st century. Ageing societies, knowledge-based economies, and the sustainability of the European welfare state. Unpublished paper.
Eveline, J., & Bacchi, C. (2005). What are we mainstreaming when we mainstream gender? International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7(4), 496–512.
Fortier, A.-M. (2008). Multicultural horizons: Diversity and the limits of the civil nation. London: Routledge.
Gavanas, A., & Callemann, C. (Eds.) (2013). Rena hem på smutsiga villkor? Hushållstjänster, migration och globalisering. Göteborg/Stockholm: Makadam Förlag.
Grossman, J. L., & McClain, L. C. (2009). Introduction. In L. C. McClain & J. L. Grossman (Eds.), Gender equality. Dimensions of women’s equal citizenship. Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press.
Gullikstad, B. (2010). Når likestilling blir ulikhet. Interseksjonalitet i arbeidslivet. In A.-J. Berg, A. B. Flemmen, & B. Gullikstad (Eds.), Likestilte norskheter. Om kjønn og etnisitet. Trondheim: Tapir akademisk forlag.
Hall, T., & Williamson, H. (1999). Citizenship and community. New York: Youth Work Press.
Halsaa, B., Roseneil, S. and S. Sümer (Eds.). (2012) Remaking citizenship in multicultural Europe: Women’s movements, gender and diversity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hammar, T. (1990). Democracy and the nation state: Aliens, denizens and citizens in a world of international migration. Aldershot: Avebury.
Hochchild, A. R. (2000). The nanny chain. The American Prospect, 11(4), 32–36.
Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2001). Doméstica: Immigrant workers cleaning and caring in the shadows of affluence. Berkeley: University of California.
ILO. (2013). Domestic workers across the world. Global and regional statistics and the extent of legal protection. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Isaksen, L. W. (2007). Gender, care work and globalisation. Local problemes and global solutions in the Norwegian welfare state. In M. Griffin-Cohen & J. Brodie (Eds.), Remapping gender in the new global order. London and New York: Routledge.
Isaksen, L. W. (2010). Introduction: Global care work in Nordic societies. In L. W. Isaksen (Ed.), Global care work: Gender and migration in Nordic societies. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Isin, E. F., & Nielsen, G. M. (2008). Acts of citizenship. New York: Zed Books.
Isin, E. F., Nyers, P., & Turner, B. S. (2013). Citizenship between past and future. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Joppke, C. (2007). Transformation of citizenship: Status, rights, identity. Citizenship Studies, 11(1), 37–48.
kennedy-mcfoy, M. (2012). Remaking citizenship from the margins: Migrant and minoritized women’s organizations in Europe. In B. Halsaa, S. Roseneil, & S. Sümer (Eds.), Remaking citizenship in the multicultural Europe: Women’s movements, gender and diversity. Basinstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan.
Keskinen, S., Tuori, S., Irni, S., & Mulinari, D. (Eds.) (2009). Complying with colonialism. Gender, race and ethnicity in the Nordic region. Farnham: Ashgate.
Kilkey, M., Perrons, D., Plomien, A. with Hondagneu-Soleto, P., & Ramirez, H. (2013) Gender, migration and domestic work. Masculinities, male labour and fathering in the UK and USA. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kristensen, G. K. (2010). Trad eller trendy med tre. Om barnetall, likestilling og “norskhet”. In A.-J. Berg, A. B. Flemmen, & B. Gullikstad (Eds.), Likestilte norskheter. Om kjønn og etnisitet. Trondheim: Tapir akademisk forlag.
Kristensen, G. K. (2015). A fair deal? Paid domestic labour in social democratic Norway. In A. Triandafyllidou & S. Marchetti (Eds.), Employers, agencies and immigration: Paying for care. Franham: Ashgate.
Kvist, E., & Peterson, E. (2010). What has gender equality got to do with it? An analysis of policy debates surrounding domestic services in the welfare states of Spain and Sweden. Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 18(3), 185–203.
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship. A liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lan, P.-C. (2006). Global cinderellas: Migrant domestics and newly rich employers in Taiwan. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Lewis, G. (2006). Imaginaries of Europe: Technologies of gender, economics of power. European Journal of Women Studies, 2, 87–103.
Lister, R. (2003). Citizenship: Feminist perspectives. New York: New York University Press.
Lister, R. (2008). Gender, citizenship and social justice in the Nordic welfare states: A view from the outside. In K. Melby, A.-B. Ravn, & C. C. Wetterberg (Eds.), Gender equality and welfare politics in Scandinavia. The limits of political ambition? Bristol: The Policy Press.
Lister, R., Williams, F., Anttonen, A., Bussemaker, J., Gerhard, U., Heinen, J., et al. (2007). Gendering citizenship in Western Europe: New challenges for citizenship research in a cross-national context. Bristol: Policy Press.
Lutz, H. (2007). The intimate “other”. Migrant domestic workers in Europe. In E. Berggren, et al. (Eds.), Irregular migration, informal labour and community: A challenge for Europe (pp. 226–241). Maastricht: Shaker Publishing.
Lutz, H. (2008). Migration and domestic work: A European perspective on a global theme. Farnham: Ashgate.
Lutz, H. (2011). The new maids. Transnational women and the care economy. London: Zed Books.
Macklin, A. (1994). On the outside looking in: Foreign domestic workers in Canada. In W. Giles & S. Arat-Koc (Eds.), Maid in the market: Women’s paid domestic labour. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
Manalansan, M. (2006). Queer intersections: Sexuality and gender in migration studies. International Migration Review, 40(1), 224–249.
Mohanty, C. T. (1988). Under ‘Western eyes’: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Feminist Review, (30), 65–88.
Morel, N. (2015). Servants for the knowledge-based economy? The political economy of domestic services in Europe. Social Politics, 22(2), 170–192.
Moss, P., & Kamerman, S. (Eds.) (2009). The politics of parental leave policies. Bristol: The Policy Press.
Narayan, U. (1997). Contesting cultures. Westernization, respect for cultures and third world feminists. In L. Nicholson (Ed.), The second wave. A reader in feminist theory. New York: Routledge.
Näre, L. (2010). Sri Lankan men working as cleaners and carers: Negotiating masculinity in Naples. Men and Masculinities, 13(1), 65–86.
Näre, L. (2011). The moral economy of domestic and care labour: Migrant workers in Naples, Italy. Sociology, 45(3), 396–412.
Nentwich, J. C. (2006). Changing gender: The discursive construction of equal opportunities. Gender, Work & Organization, 13(6), 499–521.
Pajnik, M., & Bajt, V. (2013). Civic participation of migrant women: Employing strategies of active citizenship. In F. M. Anthias, et al. (Eds.), Paradoxes of integration: Female migrants in Europe. Dordrecht: Springer.
Palenga-Möllenbeck, E. (2013). New maids—New butlers? Polish domestic workers in Germany and commodification of social reproductive work. In B. Aulenbacher & C. Innreiter-Moser (Eds.), Making the difference—Critical perspectives on the configuration of work, diversity and inequalities. Special issue of Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An international Journal, 32(6), 557–574.
Parreñas, R. (2001). Servants of globalization. Women, migration and domestic work. Standford: Stanford University Press.
Predelli, L. N., Halsaa, B., & Thun, C. (2012). ‘Citizenship is not a word I use’: How women’s movements activists understand citizenship. In B. Halsaa, S. Roseneil, & S. Sümer (Eds.), Remaking citizenship in multicultural Europe: Women’s movements, gender and diversity. London: Palgrave.
Purkayvastha, B. (2012). Intersectionality in a transnational world. Symposium on Patricia Hill Collins. Gender & Society, 26(1), 55–66.
Ringrose, P. (2013). Migrants of the new Norway: Sara Johnsen’s Upperdog. Tidsskrift for kjønnsforskning, 37(1), 26–45.
Rose, J. (1998). States of fantasy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Roseneil, S., Halsaa, B., & Sümer, S. (2012). Remaking citizenship in multicultural Europe: Women’s movements, gender and diversity. In B. Halsaa, S. Roseneil, & S. Sümer (Eds.), Remaking citizenship in multicultural Europe: Women’s movements, gender and diversity. London: Palgrave.
Somers, M. (2008). Genealogies of citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Søndergaard, D. M. (2000). Destabiliserende diskursanalyse: veje ind i poststrukturalistisk inspirert empirisk forskning. In H. Haavind (Ed.), Kjønn og fortolkende metode. Metodiske muligheter i kvalitativ forskning. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
Squires, J. (2005). Is mainstreaming transformative? Theorizing mainstreaming in the context of diversity and deliberation. Social Politics, 12(3), 366–388.
Staunæs, D. (2003). Where have all the subjects gone? Bringing together the concepts of intersectionality and subjectification. Nordic Journal of Women’s Studies, 10(2), 101–110.
Stenum, H. (2010). Au-pair migration and new inequalities. The transnational production of corruption. In L. W. Isaksen (Ed.), Global care work: Gender and migration in Nordic societies. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Strasser, S. (2012). Rethinking citizenship: Critical encounters with feminist, multicultural and transnational concepts of citizenship. In B. Halsaa, S. Roseneil, & S. Sümer (Eds.), Remaking citizenship in multicultural Europe: Women’s movements, gender and diversity. London: Palgrave.
Stubberud, E. (2015a). Au pairing in Norway. The production of a (non-) worker. PhD thesis, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies of Culture, Faculty of Humanities, Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Stubberud, E. (2015b). “It’s not much”: Affective (boundary) work in the Au pair scheme. In R. Cox (Ed.), Au pair’s lives in a global context. Sister or servant? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tastsoglou, E., & Dobrowolsky, A. (Eds.) (2006). Women, migration and citizenship. Making local, national and transnational connections. Aldershot: Ashgate.
The European Institute for Gender Equality. Retrieved from http://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/what-is-gender-mainstreamingwebsiteofEIGE
Triandafyllidou, A. (2013). Irregular migration in Europe. Who cares? Farnham/Burlington: Ashgate.
Triandafyllidou, A., & Marchetti, S. (2015). Paying for care: Advantages and challenges for the employers. In A. Triandafyllidou & S. Marchetti (Eds.), Employers, agencies and immigration: Paying for care. Farnham/Burlington: Ashgate.
Tronto, J. C. (2002). The “nanny” question in feminism. Hypatia, 17(2), 34–49.
Verloo, M. (2006). Multiple inequalities, intersectionality and the European Union. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3), 211–229.
Walby, S. (2005). Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice. Social Politics, 12(3), 321–343.
Yeates, N. (2012). Global care chains: A state-of-the-art review and future directions in care transnationalization research. Global Networks, 12(2), 135–154.
Yuval-Davis, N. (1999). The “multi-layered citizen”. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 1(1), 119–136.
Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of Prejudice, 40(3), 197–214.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gullikstad, B., Kristensen, G.K., Ringrose, P. (2016). Paid Migrant Domestic Labour, Gender Equality, and Citizenship in a Changing Europe: An Introduction. In: Gullikstad, B., Kristensen, G., Ringrose, P. (eds) Paid Migrant Domestic Labour in a Changing Europe. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51742-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51742-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-51741-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-51742-5
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)