Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hakwon Education as a Worldwide Curriculum Question

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Shadow Education and the Curriculum and Culture of Schooling in South Korea

Part of the book series: Curriculum Studies Worldwide ((CSWW))

Abstract

In previous chapters, we researched the various types of hakwons and the life of students in elementary hakwons to high school hakwons. Moreover, we reviewed the positive and negative aspects in hakwon education. In this chapter, I would like to present the possible theme dealing with hakwon education as a promising upcoming realm of curriculum studies worldwide based on experiences in Korea. There are several possible research topics for curriculum studies in hakwon education that could be studied more in depth. I propose six research topics on hakwon/shadow education for curriculum studies: (1) hakwon/shadow education and ecology of education; (2) hakwon/shadow education on child development; (3) individualization; (4) students’ lived experience at hakwons; (5) hakwon educators; and (6) curriculum and teaching strategies of hakwons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aspinall, R., & Roesgaard, M. H. (2008). Japanese education and the cram school business: Functions, challenges and perspectives of the Juku. The Journal of Japanese Studies, 34(1), 121–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, D. D., & Lochan, S. (2010). Education in a hidden marketplace: Monitoring of private tuition; Private supplementary tutoring in Central Asia: New opportunities and burdens; Confronting the shadow education system: What government policies for what private tutoring? Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 41(1), 153–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, R. (2004). Caring for the ethical ideal: Nel Noddings on moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 33(2), 149–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, M. (2013). Benefits and tensions of shadow education: Comparative perspectives on the roles and impact of private supplementary tutoring in the lives of Hong Kong students. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 2(1), 18–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, M., & Kobakhidze, M. N. (2015). Evolving ecosystems in education: The nature and implications of private supplementary tutoring in Hong Kong. PROSPECTS, 45(4), 465–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, M., & Kwo, O. (2014). Regulating private tutoring for public good: Policy options for supplementary education in Asia. Bangkok: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bray, M., & Lykins, C. (2012). Shadow education private supplementary tutoring and its implications for policy makers in Asia. Mandaluyong: Asian Development Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britzman, D. P. (1989). Who has the floor?: Curriculum, teaching, and student teacher’s struggles for voice. Curriculum Inquiry, 19(summer), 143–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1976). The experimental ecology of education. Educational Researcher, 5(9), 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, R., Jr. (1989). First year teacher: A case study. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, R., Jr., & Knowles, J. G. (1990). Becoming a teacher: Struggles of a second career beginning teacher. Qualitative Studies in Education, 3(2), 101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, J. S. (2015). Where are Korean bright students at school studying?: Qualitative case study on currere of an Einstein hakwon for smart students. Master’s Dissertation, Jinju National University of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dang, H. A. (2008). Private tutoring in Vietnam: An investigation of its causes and impacts with policy implications. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Muller.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, A. V., & Kolitch, E. (1997). Unmaking good-girlism: Re-inventing ourselves through mathematics and writing. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 13(4), 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doll Jr., W. E. (2012). Pragmatism, post-modernism, and complexity theory: The ‘fascinating imaginative realm’ of William E. Doll, Jr. (D. Trueit, ed.). New York: Routlege.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodson, I. F. (1992). Studying teachers’ lives: An emergent field of inquiry. In I. F. Goodson (Ed.), Studying teachers’ lives (pp. 1–17). London: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, N. (2003). Thinking globally in environment education: Implications for internationalizing curriculum inquiry. In W. Pinar (Ed.), International handbook of curriculum research (pp. 53–72). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grumet, M. (1988). Bitter milk: Women and teaching. Amberst: University of Massachusetts Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H. M. (2004). Effects of cram schools on children’s mathematics learning. In L. Fan, N. Y. Wong, J. Cai, & S. Li (Eds.), How Chinese learn mathematics: Perspectives from insiders (pp. 282–304). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hynevych, et al. (2006). Education in a hidden marketplace: Monitoring of private tutoring. Budapest: Education Support Program (ESP) of the Open Society Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, C. E. (2002). Achieving desire: Narrative of a black male teacher. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 15(2), 171–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, C. G. (1983). The essential Jung. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, J. H. (2015). The concept of care in curriculum studies: Juxtaposing currere and hakbeolism. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalikova, S., & Rakhimzhanova, Z. (2009). Private tutoring in Kazakhstan. In I. Silova (Ed.), Private supplementary tutoring in Central Asia: New opportunities and burdens (pp. 93–118). Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. C. (2008). Rather let students study in ‘Hakwons’. Seoul: Briends.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. C., & Kim, P. S. (2012). Hakwon does not die; fathers die: Secrets of Korean education that Obama did not know. Paju: Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. C., & Kim, P. S. (2015). The best hakwons top 7. Paju: Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. C., Jung, J. H., & Lee, Y. M. (2003). Ugly duckling: First year elementary school teachers’ lives. Seoul: Mooneunsa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kincheloe, J. (1991). Teachers as researchers: Qualitative inquiry as a path to empowerment. London: The Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobakhidze, M. N. (2014). Corruption risks of private tutoring: Case of Georgia. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 34(4), 455–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuan, P. Y. (2011). Effects of cram schooling on mathematics performance: Evidence from junior high students in Taiwan. Comparative Education Review, 55(3), 342–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, P. L. Y. (2010). Demand intensity, market parameters and policy responses towards demand and supply of private supplementary tutoring in China. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 49–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lao, R. (2014). Analyzing the Thai state policy on private tutoring: the prevalence of the market discourse. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 34(4), 476–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. Y. (2010). Case study about hakwon teachers’ educational culture (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Korea University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. L. (1990). Creating spaces and finding voices: Teachers collaborating for empowerment. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, A. (1998). On experience, memory knowing: A post Holocaust (auto)biography. Curriculum Inquiry, 28(4), 425–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noddings, N. (2002). Educating moral people: A caring alternative to character education. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. M., Min, S. E., & Kim, Y. C. (2015). Elementary students’ educational experiences and meaning toward hakwon education. Journal for Qualitative Inquiry, 1(1), 85–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W. (1974). Curere: Toward reconceptualization. In J. Jelinek (Ed.), Basic problems in modern education (pp. 147–171). Tempe: Arizona State University, College of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W. (Ed.). (1975). Curriculum theorizing: The reconceptualists. Berkeley: McCutchan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W. F. (1994). Autobiography, politics, and sexuality: Essays in curriculum theory 1972–1992. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W. F. (2011). The character of curriculum studies: Bildung, currere, and the recurring question of the subject. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W. F. (2015a). Educational experience as lived: Knowledge, history, alterity. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W. P. (Ed.). (2015b). Curriculum studies in India: Intellectual histories, present circumstances. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W. F., Reynolds, W. M., Slattery, P., & Taubman, P. M. (1995). Understanding curriculum: An introduction to the study of historical and contemporary curriculum discourses. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W., & Grumet, M. (1976). Toward a poor curriculum. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, W., & Ayers, W. (Eds.). (1992). Teacher lore: Learning from our own experience. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sriprakash, A., Proctor, H., Hu, B. (2015). Visible pedagogic work: Parenting, private tutoring and educational advantage in Australia. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, (August) 37(3), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Korea. (2014). Survey on expenses for sagyoyook. Seoul: Statistics Korea.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Korea. (2016). The survey of private education expenses for elementary school to high school. Seoul: National Statistics Korea.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taubman, P. M. (2009). Teaching by numbers. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trent, J. (2015, August). Constructing professional identities in shadow education: Perspectives of private supplementary educators in Hong Kong. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 15(2), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W. (2014). The demand for shadow education in China: Mainstream teachers and power relations. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 34(4), 436–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, M., & Kim, S. S. (2006). Community forces, social capital, and educational achievement: The case of supplementary education in the Chinese and Korean immigrant communities. Harvard Educational Review, 76(1), 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chinju National University of Education, Jinju City, Republic of Korea

    Young Chun Kim

Authors
  1. Young Chun Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kim, Y.C. (2016). Hakwon Education as a Worldwide Curriculum Question. In: Shadow Education and the Curriculum and Culture of Schooling in South Korea. Curriculum Studies Worldwide. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51324-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51324-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-51323-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-51324-3

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation