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Changes in Labour Market Policies, the Gender Model and Social Inequality: Institutional Dualization Revisited

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Welfare State Transformations and Inequality in OECD Countries

Part of the book series: Transformations of the State ((TRST))

Abstract

Drawing on the theory of institutional dualization, this chapter analyzes changes in labour market policies and collective bargaining with respect to their gendered outcomes. Additionally, to explain the emerging gender model, it highlights institutional complementarities with respect to family policy reform. Such institutional complementarities, as exemplified by the German model, are identified as incentives for a modernized male breadwinner model. These incentives compensate for labour market risks at the household level. Thus, patterns of social inequality cannot be deduced from employment status only but must be related to a particular family form. The increasing social polarization in Germany therefore reflects in the increasing poverty of single-parent and other single-earner households as compared with dual full-time earners, with this polarization most accentuated between the high- and low-qualified.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    I am very grateful to Jan Giese and Sonja Kittelsen for their help editing the text.

    Conceptually, institutional dualization differentiates between process (dualization), output (institutional dualism) and outcome (divide) (Emmenegger et al. 2012).

  2. 2.

    The data source for the following numbers and Fig. 10.1 is the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The calculations are based on working age population, excluding apprentices. Fixed-term part-time and part-time employees are summed up as part-time. Calculations were generously performed by Tim Schröder.

  3. 3.

    The following proportions of atypical employment are relatively higher than in figure 10 because they do not relate to persons of working age but only to employed persons.

  4. 4.

    This refers to the share of employees who are covered by collective bargaining in relation to all employees.

  5. 5.

    If the focus is on only coupled households with children younger than 18, the figure is about 70 per cent (Keller 2013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Work and Labour, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Irene Dingeldey

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  1. Irene Dingeldey
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  1. Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    Melike Wulfgramm

  2. Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany

    Tonia Bieber

  3. SOCIUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Stephan Leibfried

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Dingeldey, I. (2016). Changes in Labour Market Policies, the Gender Model and Social Inequality: Institutional Dualization Revisited. In: Wulfgramm, M., Bieber, T., Leibfried, S. (eds) Welfare State Transformations and Inequality in OECD Countries. Transformations of the State. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51184-3_10

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