Skip to main content

Critical Race Studies in Psychology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Social Psychology

Abstract

This chapter outlines Critical Race Psychology (CRP) as a theoretical framework that integrates the main themes articulated in critical race theory and critical social-psychological approaches to understanding race and racism. Critical race studies in psychology dispel the idea that racism is primarily perpetuated by individual bigots and racists and instead looks toward the everyday beliefs, justifications, ideas, and behaviors that are inextricably tied to the broader sociocultural and historical context of globalized systemic inequality. Drawing from several critical approaches in psychology, CRP utilizes identity consciousness as a tool to reveal the sociocultural and psychological resources holding current societal structures in place.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    With the exception of Black Americans (see Study 5 of Devos & Banaji, 2005), White, Latino, and Asian Americans alike showed the American = White effect (Devos & Banaji, 2005; Devos, Gavin, & Quintana, 2010).

  2. 2.

    For example, among other contested changes, Texas State Board of Education’s textbook curricula changes included amendments deleting a requirement that sociology students explain how institutional racism is evident in American society, deleting Dolores Huerta, cofounder of United Farm Workers of America, from lists of historical figures who exemplified good citizenship, and rejecting inclusion of specific Tejano defenders at the Battle at the Alamo (McKinley, 2010).

References

  • Adams, G., Biernat, M., Branscombe, N. R., Crandall, C. S., & Wrightsman, L. S. (2008). Beyond prejudice: Toward a sociocultural psychology of racism and oppression. In G. Adams, M. Biernat, N. R. Branscombe, C. S. Crandall, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Commemorating Brown: The social psychology of racism and discrimination (pp. 215–246). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, G., Edkins, V., Lacka, D., Pickett, K. M., & Cheryan, S. (2008). Teaching about racism: Pernicious implications of the standard portrayal. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), 349–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, G., & Salter, P. S. (2007). Health psychology in African settings: A cultural-psychological analysis. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(3), 539–551.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, G., & Salter, P. S. (2011). A critical race psychology is not yet born. Connecticut Law Review, 43, 1355–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, G., Salter, P. S., Pickett, K. M., Kurtis, T., & Phillips, N. L. (2010). Behavior as mind-in-context: A cultural psychology analysis of “paranoid” suspicion. In L. F. Barrett, B. Mesquita, & E. Smith (Eds.), The mind in context (pp. 277–306). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akbar, N. I. (1991). Paradigms of African American research. Black Psychology, 3, 709–726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Araya, T. (2000). Classical and modern racial prejudice: A study of attitudes toward immigrants in Sweden. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 521–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ancis, J. R., & Szymanski, D. M. (2001). Awareness of White privilege among White counseling trainees. The Counseling Psychologist, 29(4), 548–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augoustinos, M., & Every, D. (2007, June). The language of “race” and prejudice: A discourse of denial, reason, and liberal-practical politics. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(2), 123–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augoustinos, M., Tuffin, K., & Every, D. (2005). New racism, meritocracy, and individualism: Constraining affirmative action in education. Discourse and Society, 16, 315–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Hastings, S. (1997). Distortions of collective memory: How groups flatter and deceive themselves. In J. W. Pennebaker, D. Paez, & B. Rimé (Eds.), Collective memory of political events: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 277–293). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93, 518–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. (2000). Racism: A major source of property and wealth inequality in America. Indiana Law Review, 34, 1261–1271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracey, G. E., II. (2014). Toward a critical race theory of state. Critical Sociology, 1–20. doi:10.1177/0896920513504600

  • Brown, E. (2007). ‘It’s urban living, not ethnicity itself’: Race, crime and the urban geography of high-risk youth. Geography Compass, 1, 222–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. K., Carnoy, M., Currie, E., Duster, T., & Oppenheimer, D. B. (2003). Whitewashing race: The myth of a color-blind society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant-Davis, T. (2007). Healing requires recognition: The case for race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 135–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 13–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caughy, M. O. B., O’Campo, P. J., & Muntaner, C. (2004). Experiences of racism among African American parents and the mental health of their preschool-aged children. American Journal of Public Health, 94(12), 2118–2124.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chekroud, A. M., Everett, J. A., Bridge, H., & Hewstone, M. (2014). A review of neuroimaging studies of race-related prejudice: Does amygdala response reflect threat? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00179.

  • Cole, E. R. (2008). Coalitions as a model for intersectionality: From practice to theory. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 443–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. (2010). Arizona gov. signs bill targeting ethnic studies. Associated Press. Retrieved from http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100512/ap_on_re_us/us_arizona_ethnic_studies

  • Crenshaw, K. (1995). Introduction. In K. Crenshaw, N. Gotanda, G. Peller, & K. Thomas (Eds.), Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. New York, NY: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. (2011). Twenty years of critical race theory: Looking back to move forward. Connecticut Law Review, 43, 1253–1352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. W., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. New York, NY: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cundiff, J. L. (2012). Is mainstream psychological research “womanless” and “raceless”? An updated analysis. Sex Roles, 67, 158–173. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0141-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalbert, C. (2001). The justice motive as a personal resource: Dealing with challenges and critical life events. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, J. H. (2000). The courage to hear: African American women’s memories of racial trauma. In L. C. Jackson & B. Greene (Eds.), Psychotherapy with African American women: Innovations in psychodynamic perspective and practice (pp. 126–144). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2000). Critical race theory: The cutting edge. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = white? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 447–466.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devos, T., Gavin, K., & Quintana, F. (2010). Say “adios” to the American dream: The interplay between ethnic and national identity among Latino and Caucasian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 37–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devos, T., & Heng, L. (2009). Whites are granted the American identity more swiftly than Asians: Disentangling the role of automatic and controlled processes. Social Psychology, 40, 192–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devos, T., & Ma, D. (2008). Is Kate Winslet more American than Lucy Liu? The impact of construal processes on the implicit ascription of a national identity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 191–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, J., Durrheim, K., Tredoux, C. G., Tropp, L. R., Clack, B., Eaton, L., & Quayle, M. (2010, December). Challenging the stubborn core of opposition to equality: Racial contact and policy attitudes. Political Psychology, 31(6), 831–855.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, J. A., & Reicher, S. (1997). Intergroup contact and desegregation in the new South Africa. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 361–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1986). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism: Historical trends and contemporary approaches. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, K. M., Forrest, J., Burnley, I., & McDonald, A. (2004). Constructing racism in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 39, 409–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durrheim, K., & Dixon, J. (2000). Theories of culture in racist discourse. Race & Society, 3, 93–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt, J. L. (2005). Imaging race. American Psychologist, 60(2), 181–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J., & Davies, P. G. (2004). Seeing Black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 876–893.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eilperin, J. (2008). Palin’s ‘pro-America areas’ remark: Extended version. Retrieved from http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/10/17/palin_clarifies_her_pro-americ.html

  • Enriquez, V. G. (1993). Developing a Filipino psychology. In U. Kim & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context (pp. 152–169). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1013–1027.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M., Weis, L., Powell Pruitt, L., & Burns, A. (2012). Off white: Readings on power, privilege, and resistance. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, L., & Gough, B. (Eds.). (2008). Reflexivity: A practical guide for researchers in health and social sciences. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2010). Critical race theory, race equity, and public health: Toward antiracism praxis. American Journal of Public Health, 100(S1), S30–S35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, N. (1998). Another pragmatism: Alain Locke, critical ‘race’ theory, and the politics of culture. In M. Dickstein (Ed.), The revival of pragmatism: New essays on social thought, law, and culture (pp. 157–175). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A. (2003). Belief in a just world: Research progress over the past decade. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(5), 795–817.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gone, J. P. (2011). Is psychological science a-cultural? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 234–242.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. J., Sonn, C. C., & Matsebula, J. (2007). Reviewing whiteness: Theory, research, and possibilities. South African Journal of Psychology, 37(3), 389–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, R. (1976). Even the rat was white: A historical view of psychology. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, J. P., Hall, S., & Taliaferro, J. (2003). Physiological responses to racism and discrimination: An assessment of the evidence. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 243–248.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C. I. (1995). Myths of race and gender in the trials of O.J. Simpson and Susan Smith—spectacles of our time. Washburn Law Journal, 35, 225–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill Collins, P. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hook, D., & Howarth, C. (2005). Future directions for a critical social psychology of racism/antiracism. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15(6), 506–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. M. (1991). Racism: A cultural analysis of the problem. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology (pp. 609–635). Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. L. (1991). Black psychology. Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kağıtçıbası, Ç. (1995). Is psychology relevant to global human development issues? American Psychologist, 50, 293–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, U. E., & Berry, J. W. (1993). Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood, S., Liu, J. H., & Weatherall, A. (2005). Challenging the standard story of indigenous rights in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 493–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, E. D., Lowery, B. S., Hogan, C. M., & Chow, R. M. (2009). On the malleability of ideology: Motivated construals of color blindness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 857–869.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, L. H. (2004). The intuitive psychologist behind the bench: Models of gender bias in social psychology and employment discrimination law. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 835–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996). Racial discrimination and blood pressure: The CARDIA Study of young Black and White adults. American Journal of Public Health, 86(10), 1370–1378.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtis, T., Adams, G., & Yellowbird, M. (2010). Generosity or genocide?: Identity implications of silence in American Thanksgiving commemorations. Memory, 18, 208–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2011). Boyz to men? Teaching to restore Black boys’ childhood. Race Ethnicity and Education, 14(1), 7–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). African American acculturation: Deconstructing race and reviving culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latimer, J. (2008). Introduction: Body, knowledge, worlds. The Sociological Review, 56(S2), 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitz, G. (2006). The possessive investment in whiteness: How White people profit from identity politics (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loewen, J. (1995). Lies my teacher told me. New York, NY: Touchstone Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loewen, J. W. (1999). Lies across America: What our historic sites get wrong. New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowery, B. S., Knowles, E. D., & Unzueta, M. M. (2007). Framing inequity safely: Whites’ motivated perceptions of racial privilege. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(9), 1237–1250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Baró, I., Aron, A., & Corne, S. (1994). Writings for a liberation psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinley, J. C. (2010, March 12). Texas conservatives win curriculum change. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/education/13texas.html

  • Mills, C. S. (1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, W. L. (2008). White space. In W. Moore (Ed.), Reproducing racism: White space, elite law schools, and racial inequality (pp. 9–36). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morling, B., & Lamoreaux, M. (2008). Measuring culture outside the head: A meta-analysis of individualism-collectivism in cultural products. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 199–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, L. J. (1988). Understanding an Afrocentric world view: Introduction to an optimal psychology. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, T. (1986). The view from nowhere. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neville, H. A., Coleman, M. N., Falconer, J. W., & Holmes, D. (2005). Color-blind racial ideology and psychological false consciousness among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 31(1), 27–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noh, S., Kaspar, V., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2007). Overt and subtle racial discrimination and mental health: Preliminary findings for Korean immigrants. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1269–1274.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, L. T., & Major, B. (2005). System-justifying beliefs and psychological well-being: The roles of group status and identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(12), 1718–1729.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T. (1998). Racism equals power plus prejudice: A social psychological equation for racial oppression. In J. L. Eberhardt & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting racism: The problem and the response (pp. 33–53). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otto, K., Glaser, D., & Dalbert, C. (2009). Mental health, occupational trust, and quality of working life: Does belief in a just world matter? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(6), 1288–1315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks, G., Jones, S. E., & Cardi, W. J. (Eds.). (2008). Critical race realism: Intersections of psychology, race, and law. New York, NY: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W., & Banasik, B. L. (1997). On the creation and maintenance of collective memories: History as social psychology. In J. W. Pennebaker, D. Paez, & B. Rimé (Eds.), Collective memory of political events: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 3–19). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, I. (2005). Cultural studies, critical race theory and some reflections on methods. Villanova Law Review, 50, 915–924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitre, A., & Ray, R. (2002). The controversy around black history. Western Journal of Black Studies, 26, 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaut, V. C. (2010). Diversity science: Why and how difference makes a difference. Psychological Inquiry, 21(2), 77–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaut, V. C., Thomas, K. M., & Goren, M. J. (2009). Is multiculturalism or colorblindness better for minorities? Psychological Science, 20, 444–446.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J. (1997). Discourse and critical social psychology. In T. Ibáñez & L. Iñiquez (Eds.), Critical social psychology (pp. 55–66). London, England: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purdie-Vaughns, V., Steele, C. M., Davies, P. G., Ditlmann, R., & Crosby, J. R. (2008). Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 615–630.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, R. A. (1997). Crossing sexual orientation borders: collaborative strategies for dealing with issues of positionality and representation. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 10(1), 7–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, F. C., & Fowers, B. J. (1998, January). Interpretive social science: An overview. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(4), 465–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richeson, J. A., & Nussbaum, R. J. (2004). The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 417–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, D. (2004). “We don’t talk about race anymore”: Power, privilege and critical whiteness studies. Borderlands, 3(2), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, D. W., & Augoustinos, M. (2005). The psychic life of colonial power: Racialised subjectivities, bodies and methods. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15(6), 461–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, S. M., Wertsch, J. V., & Kosyaeva, T. Y. (2002). Linking little narratives to big ones: Narrative and public memory in history museums. Culture & Psychology, 8, 96–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rydell, R. J., Hamilton, D. L., & Devos, T. (2010). Now they are American, now they are not: Valence as a determinant of the inclusion of African Americans in the American identity. Social Cognition, 28, 161–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahdra, B., & Ross, M. (2007). Group identification and historical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 384–395.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, P. S., & Adams, G. (2013). Toward a critical race psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 781–793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter, P. S., Hirsch, K. A., Schlegel, R. J., & Thai, L. T. (2016). Who needs individual responsibility? Audience race and message content influence third-party evaluations of political messages. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(1), 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter, P. S., & Adams, G. (2016). On the intentionality of cultural products: Representations of black history as psychological affordances. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1166.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schick, C., & St. Denis, V. (2005). Troubling national discourses in anti-racist curricular planning. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l’éducation, 28, 295–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnittker, J., & McLeod, J. D. (2005). The social psychology of health disparities. Annual Review of Sociology, 31, 75–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R. A. (1990). Cultural psychology: What is it? In J. Stigler, R. Shweder, & G. Herdt (Eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development (pp. 1–46). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommers, S. R., & Norton, M. I. (2006). Lay theories about White racists: What constitutes racism (and what doesn’t). Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 117–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • State of Arizona. (2010). House Bill #2287. Retrieved from http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/hb2281s.pdf

  • Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613–629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steffen, P. R., McNeilly, M., Anderson, N., & Sherwood, A. (2003). Effects of racism and anger inhibition on ambulatory blood pressure in African Americans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 746–750.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70, 477–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tileagǎ, C. (2006). Representing the “other”: A discursive analysis of prejudice and moral exclusion in talk about Romanies. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16, 19–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utsey, S. O., Gernat, C. A., & Hammar, L. (2005). Examining White counselor trainees’ reactions to racial issues in counseling and supervision dyads. The Counseling Psychologist, 33(4), 449–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utsey, S. O., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1996). Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 490–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertsch, J. V. (2002). Voices of collective remembering. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, M., & Potter, J. (1992). Mapping the language of racism: Discourse and the legitimation of exploitation. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. (1970). Guidelines for black psychologists. The Black Scholar, 1(5), 52–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T. D. (2005). The message is the method: Celebrating and exporting the experimental approach. Psychological Inquiry, 16, 185–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohl, M. J. A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2008). Remembering historical victimization: Collective guilt for current ingroup transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 988–1006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, E. K. (1997). Critical race praxis: Race theory and political lawyering practice in post-civil rights America. Michigan Law Review, 95(4), 821–900.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Salter, P.S., Haugen, A.D. (2017). Critical Race Studies in Psychology. In: Gough, B. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Social Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51018-1_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics