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‘My Dress Is Not a Yes’: Coalitions of Resistance in SlutWalk and the Fictions of Sarah Waters

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Sarah Waters and Contemporary Feminisms

Abstract

This chapter suggests parallels between the discursive tactics used by contemporary feminist protest movements, such as SlutWalk, and the representation of women’s experiences, relationships and bodies found in the historical fictions of Sarah Waters. There is little precedence for establishing a critical dialogue between contemporary fiction and contemporary political agitation. This chapter, however, proposes that Waters’s novels, like SlutWalk, function as a declamatory shout from the queer body while mimicking feminist discourse in calling attention to the restrictive patriarchal structures that repress and restrict non-normative gendered and sexual identities. Waters’s playful approaches to the historical novel are often categorised as ‘queer historical fiction’, ‘postmodernist texts’, or ‘postmodern historiographic metafiction’. Consequently, critical attention has focused on the queer acts and postmodern practices found therein. In this context, a feminist examination of Waters’s novels—in which gendered identities and sexual orientation are very much stable and uncontested—often takes a back seat. But there is considerable overlap between Waters’s fictions and the recent wave of feminist protest in the early twenty-first century. Critics invariably cite Waters’s doctoral credentials when considering her novels, almost never citing her activist tendencies. As a novelist she wears her politics lightly, but in interviews she is unequivocal about the fact that she writes “women’s stories”. Waters has walked over hot coals for the Fawcett Society and described her youthful excitement at participating in ‘the strength marches, and everything politicised’. Most recently she condemned a British government ban on sending books to prisoners.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Mandy Koolen, ‘Historical Fiction and the Revaluing of Historical Continuity in Sarah Waters’s Tipping the Velvet’, Contemporary Literature, 51:2 (2010), 371–97 (p. 371).

  2. 2.

    Emily Jeremiah, ‘“The ‘I’ inside ‘her’”: Queer Narration in Sarah Waters’s Tipping the Velvet and Wesley Staces’s Misfortune’, Women: A Cultural Review, 18:2 (2007), 131–44 (p. 132).

  3. 3.

    Katharina Boehm, ‘Historiography and the Material Imagination in the Novels of Sarah Waters’, Studies in the Novel, 43:2 (2011), 237–57 (p. 237).

  4. 4.

    See Waters quoted in Danuta Kean, ‘Sarah Waters interview: ‘I pay attention to women’s secret history and lives’, The Independent, Sunday 6 September 2014 http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/sarah-waters-interview-i-pay-attention-to-womens-secret-history-and-lives-9715463.html (accessed 4 October 2014). Web.

  5. 5.

    See Waters’s Just Giving page, https://www.justgiving.com/Sarah-Waters/ (accessed 12 May 2014) and Robert McCrum, ‘What Lies Beneath’, The Observer Magazine, 10 May 2009 http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/10/books-sarah-waters (accessed 14 May 2014). Web.

  6. 6.

    Megan Gibson, ‘Will SlutWalks Change the Meaning of the Word Slut?’, Time, 12 August 2011 http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2088234,00.html#ixzz2hX0Ewj3V (accessed 16 January 2013). Web.

  7. 7.

    Jason Lim and Alexandra Fanghamel, ‘“Hijabs, Hoodies and Hotpants”: Negotiating the ‘Slut’ in SlutWalk’, Geoforum, 48 (2013), 207–15 (207).

  8. 8.

    See Rod Liddle, ‘SlutWalk: What a Disappointment’, The Spectator, 18 May 2011 http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/rod-liddle/2011/05/slut-walk-what-a-disappointment/ (accessed 20 December 2012). Web, and Mike Strobel, ‘Flaw in the SlutWalk Argument’, Toronto Sun, 29 May 2012 http://www.torontosun.com/2012/05/29/strobel-flaw-in-the-slutwalk-argument (accessed 20 December 2012). Web.

  9. 9.

    Lim and Fanghamel, ‘Hijabs, Hoodies, and Hotpants’, p. 207.

  10. 10.

    Lucie Armitt, ‘Interview with Sarah Waters’, Feminist Review, 85 (2007), 116–27 (p. 124).

  11. 11.

    I consider Claire O’Callaghan’s work in this area later in the piece. See also Paulina Palmer, ‘“She began to show me the words she had written, one by one”: Lesbian Reading and Writing Practices in the Fiction of Sarah Waters’, Women: A Cultural Review, 19:1 (2008), 69–86.

  12. 12.

    Kaye Mitchell, ‘The Popular and Critical Reception of Sarah Waters’ in Kaye Mitchell (ed.), Contemporary Critical Perspectives: Sarah Waters (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013), pp. 1–15 (pp. 5–6).

  13. 13.

    Rachel Carroll, ‘Rethinking Generational History: Queer Histories of Sexuality in neo-Victorian Feminist Fiction’, Studies in the Literary Imagination, 39:2 (2006), 135–47 (p. 135). See also Jeannette King’s work on Waters in The Victorian Woman Question in Contemporary Feminist Fiction (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).

  14. 14.

    Kira Cochrane, ‘The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Meet the Rebel Women’, Guardian, 10 December 2013 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women (accessed 10 June 2014). Web.

  15. 15.

    The One Billion Rising webpage is clear that ‘justice’ takes the form of marching, writing, and filming. See http://www.onebillionrising.org/what-justice-looks-like/ (accessed 12 June 2014). Web.

  16. 16.

    M.L. Kohlke, ‘Into History by the Back Door: The ‘past historic’ in Nights at the Circus and Affinity’, Women: A Cultural Review, 15:2 (2004), 153–66 (p. 153).

  17. 17.

    Adrienne Rich, ‘When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision’ in Adrienne Rich, On Lies, Secrets and Silence: Selected Prose 1966–1978 (London: Virago Press Ltd, 1980), pp. 33–49 (p. 41).

  18. 18.

    Ann Heilmann and Mark Llewellyn, ‘Political Hystories’, Feminist Review, 85 (2007), 1–8 (p. 1).

  19. 19.

    Hélène Cixous, ‘The Laugh of the Medusa’, trans. Keith Cohen and Paula Cohen, Signs, 1: 4 (Summer 1976), 875–93 (p. 875).

  20. 20.

    Jessica Valenti, ‘SlutWalks and the Future of Feminism’, Washington Post, 3 June 2011 http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/slutwalks-and-the-future-of-feminism/2011/06/01/AGjB9LIH_story.html (accessed 25 June 2014). Web. For ‘My Dress is Not a Yes’, see Rob Pinney’s photo archive of the London 2012 SlutWalk http://robpinney.photoshelter.com/image/I0000cN7Xoqst5sM (accessed 25 June 2012). Web. Germaine Greer’s opinion piece was illustrated with a marcher’s ‘It’s my hot body: I do what I want’ sign from the Boston 2011 SlutWalk. See Germaine Greer, ‘These “slut walk” women are simply fighting for the right to be dirty’, The Telegraph, 12 May 2011 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-health/8510743/These-slut-walk-women-are-simply-fighting-for-their-right-to-be-dirty.html (accessed 25 June 2014). Web.

  21. 21.

    For an excellent summary, see Robert Brookey and Diane Miller, ‘Changing Signs: The Political Pragmatism of Poststructuralism’, International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, 6:1 (2001), 139–53.

  22. 22.

    See Margaret D. Stetz, ‘Neo-Victorian Studies’, Victorian Literature and Culture, 40 (2012). 339–46.

  23. 23.

    Monique Wittig, ‘The Trojan Horse’ qtd in Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), p. 152.

  24. 24.

    Butler, Gender Trouble, p. 152.

  25. 25.

    Claire O’Callaghan, ‘“Lesbo Victorian Romp”: Women, Sex and Pleasure in Sarah Waters’s Tipping the Velvet’, Sexuality and Contemporary Literature, ed. by Joel Gwynne and Angelia Poon (Amherst: Cambria Press, 2012), pp. 61–80 (p. 62).

  26. 26.

    Sarah Waters, Affinity (London: Virago, 2000), p. 202.

  27. 27.

    Sarah Waters, Fingersmith (London: Virago, 2003), p. 201.

  28. 28.

    Paulina Palmer, ‘“She began to show me the words she had written, one by one”: Lesbian Reading and Writing Practices in the Fiction of Sarah Waters’, Women: A Cultural Review, 19:1 (2008), 69–86 (p. 78).

  29. 29.

    See Mark Llewellyn, ‘“Queer? I should say it is criminal!”: Sarah Waters’ Affinity’, Journal of Gender Studies, 13:3 (Nov. 2004), 203–14 and Lucie Armitt and Sarah Gamble, ‘The Haunted Geometries of Sarah Waters’s Affinity’, Textual Practice, 20:1 (2006), 141–59.

  30. 30.

    Mark Llewellyn, ‘Breaking the Mould? Sarah Waters and the Politics of Genre’ in Ann Heilmann and Mark Llewellyn (eds), Metafiction and Metahistory in Contemporary Women’s Writing (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 195–210 (p. 199).

  31. 31.

    Armitt and Gamble, ‘The Haunted Geometries’, p. 159.

  32. 32.

    Claire O’Callaghan, ‘The Equivocal Symbolism of Pearls in the Novels of Sarah Waters’, Contemporary Women’s Writing, 6:1 (March 2012), 20–37 (p. 20).

  33. 33.

    See O’Callaghan, ‘The Equivocal’.

  34. 34.

    Sarah Waters, The Little Stranger (London: Virago, 2009), p. 272.

  35. 35.

    O’Callaghan, ‘The Equivocal’, p. 26.

  36. 36.

    Anonymous statement taken from the website of SlutWalk Toronto. Found at http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/about/why (accessed 30 June 2013). Web.

  37. 37.

    Clare McCormack and Nevena Prostran, ‘Asking for It—a First-Hand Account of SlutWalk’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 14:3 (2012), 410–14 (pp. 410–11).

  38. 38.

    Judith L. Newton, Mary P. Ryan and Judith R. Walkowitz, ‘Editors’ Introduction’, Sex and Class in Women’s History, ed. by Ryan Newton, and Judit Walkowitz (Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2013), pp. 1–16 (p. 4). Politicised re-evaluation of societal practices is similarly present in Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963), Gloria Steinem’s 1960s journalism, radical group the Redstockings and Germaine Greer’s The Female Eunuch (1970).

  39. 39.

    Radicalesbians, ‘The Woman-Identified Woman’, found at Duke University, http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/wlm/womid/ (accessed 14 September 2013). A decade later, Adrienne Rich reiterated many of these themes in ‘Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence’, Signs, 5:4 (Summer 1980), 631–60.

  40. 40.

    Alix Kates Shulman, ‘Sex and Power: Sexual Bases of Radical Feminism’, Signs, 5:4 (Summer 1980), 590–604 (p. 592).

  41. 41.

    Adrienne Rich, ‘Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence’, Signs, 5:4 (Summer 1980), 631–60 (p. 640).

  42. 42.

    Bonnie J. Dow, ‘Feminism, Miss America and Media Mythology’, Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 6:1 (Spring 2003), 127–49 (pp. 130–1).

  43. 43.

    See Feona Attwood, ‘Sluts and Riot Grrrls, Female Identity and Sexual Agency’, Journal of Gender Studies, 16:3 (2007), 233–47. For a popular perspective, see Dossie Easton and Janet W. Hardy, The Ethical Slut: A Practical Guide to Polyamory, Open Relationships and Other Adventures, 2nd edn (Berkeley: Celestial Arts, 2009).

  44. 44.

    See Fara Tanis et al., ‘An Open Letter from Black Women to the SlutWalk’ http://www.blackwomensblueprint.org/2011/09/23/an-open-letter-from-black-women-to-the-slutwalk/ (accessed 14 March 2013). Web; and Gail Dines and Wendy J Murray, ‘SlutWalk is not Sexual Liberation’, Guardian, 8 May 2011 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/08/slutwalk-not-sexual-liberation (accessed 14 March 2013). Web.

  45. 45.

    Sarah Bell, ‘SlutWalk London: “Yes means yes and no means no”’, 11 June 2011, BBC News http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13739876 (accessed 12 July 2013). Web. Weblog Londonist featured a gallery of pictures from the 2012 SlutWalk, the majority of which centred on women in lingerie: Londonist, 24 September 2012 http://londonist.com/2012/09/gallery-london-slutwalk-2012.php (accessed 12 July 2013). Web.

  46. 46.

    Milly Shaw, ‘SlutWalk London June 2011: An Eyewitness Account’, Lesbilicious, 12 June 2011 http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/slutwalk-london-june-2011-an-eyewitness-account/ (accessed 12 July 2013). Web.

  47. 47.

    Ruthie Dee, ‘These Sluts Were Made for Walking’, Ruth’s Corner, 12 June 2011 http://ruthscorner.wordpress.com/2011/06/12/these-sluts-were-made-for-walking/ (accessed 12 July 2013). Web.; Melissa Spatz, ‘3 Things That Might Surprise You About SlutWalk Chicago’, Chicago Taskforce on Violence Against Girls and Young Women, 5 June 2011 http://chitaskforce.wordpress.com/2011/06/05/3-things-that-might-surprise-you-about-slutwalk-chicago/ (accessed 12 July 2013). Web; and Renee Rendazzo, ‘Men at the Boston SlutWalk’, ReneeRandazzo.com, 9 May 2011 http://reneerandazzo.com/2011/05/09/men-at-the-boston-slutwalk/ (accessed 12 July 2013). Web.

  48. 48.

    Sarah Waters, Tipping the Velvet (London: Virago, 1999), p. 190. Hereafter cited parenthetically.

  49. 49.

    O’Callaghan, ‘Lesbo Victorian Romp’, p. 66.

  50. 50.

    Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, trans. Robert Hurley (London: Penguin, 1998), p. 3.

  51. 51.

    Chitra Ramaswamy, ‘With Gay Abandon: Sarah Waters Interview’, The Scotsman http://www.scotsman.com/news/with-gay-abandon-sarah-waters-interview-1-1353095 (accessed 20 August 2013). Web.

  52. 52.

    See Lucie Armitt, ‘Garden Paths and Blind Spots’, New Welsh Review, 85 (Autumn 2012), 28–35 and Gina Wisker’s chapter in this collection, and Ann Heilmann ‘Specters of the Victorian in the Neo-Forties Novel: Sarah Waters’s The Little Stranger and its Intertexts’, Contemporary Women’s Writing, 6:1 (Mar 2012), 38–55.

  53. 53.

    Anonymous, ‘SlutWalk London 2012’, 23 September 2012 http://cratesandribbons.com/2012/09/23/slutwalk-london-2012/ (accessed 15 August 2013). Web.

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Yates, L. (2016). ‘My Dress Is Not a Yes’: Coalitions of Resistance in SlutWalk and the Fictions of Sarah Waters. In: Jones, A., O'Callaghan, C. (eds) Sarah Waters and Contemporary Feminisms. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50608-5_10

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