Skip to main content

Parental Relating: A New Conceptualisation of Parenting Styles and the Development of the Adult Recollection of Parental Relating Questionnaire (ARPRQ)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Relating Theory – Clinical and Forensic Applications
  • 625 Accesses

Abstract

In spite of the fact that the importance of parenting in child development is undisputedly acknowledged, an all-encompassing conceptualisation of parenting not only does not exist, but is unlikely to be reached. The complex nature of the process justifies the existence of a variety of models, each focusing on particular aspects, constructs, or contexts, which may be chosen according to the focus of the research question. The proposed relating model provides a modulating framework within which parental practices can be conceptualised.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alessandri, S. M. (1992). Mother–child interaction correlates of maltreated and non-maltreated children’s play behaviour. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 257–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, A. L. (1948). Socialisation and the parent–child relationship. Child Development, 19, 127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. K., Olsen, J. A., & Shagle, S. C. (1994). Associations between parental psychological control and youth internalised and externalised behaviours. Child Development, 65, 1120–1136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioural control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70, 1–137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4, 1–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth and Society, 9, 239–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D., & Black, A. E. (1967). Socialisation practices associated with dimensions of competence in preschool boys and girls. Child Development, 38, 291–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kinds of parental discipline. In M. L. Hoffman & L. W. Hoffman (Eds.), Review of child development research (Vol. 1, pp. 169–208). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyers, J. M., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2003). Neighbourhood structure, parenting processes and the development of youth’s externalising behaviours: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1–2), 35–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J. (1993/1996). How humans relate: A new interpersonal theory. Westport, CT: Praeger; paperback, Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J. (1999/2002). Relating in psychotherapy: The application of a new theory. Hardback, Westport, CT: Praeger; paperback, London, UK: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J. (1987). Attachment-detachment, directiveness-receptiveness: A system for classifying interpersonal attitudes and behaviour. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 60, 17–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J. (1994). The interpersonal octagon: An alternative to the interpersonal circle. Human Relations, 47, 511–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J., & Evans, C. (2004). The Person’s Relating to Others Questionnaire (PROQ2). Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 124–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J., & Shine, J. (2000). Personality disorders and the interpersonal octagon. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73, 433–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J., Voortman, S., De Jong, C., & Gordon, D. (2006). Measuring interrelating with couples: The Couple’s Relating to Each Other Questionnaire (CREOQ). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 79, 339–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J., Hammond, S., Horn, E., De Jong, C., & Kalaitzaki, A. (2013). A cross-national comparison of a shorter version of the Person’s Relating to Others Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20(1), 36–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G. H., Dorsey, S., Forehand, R., & Armistead, L. (2002). Unique and protective contributions of parenting and classroom processes to the adjustment of African American children living in single-parent families. Child Development, 73, 274–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. B., Mounts, N., Lamborn, S. D., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting practices and peer group affiliation in adolescence. Child Development, 64, 467–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, E. A., Jacobvitz, D. B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1995). A developmental investigation of inattentiveness and hyperactivity. Child Development, 66, 37–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (1973). Interactions between mothers and their young children: Characteristics and consequences. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38(6/7), 1–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., & Campbell, S. B. (2000). Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research and clinical implications. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dancy, J., & Sosa, E. (1993). A companion to epistemology. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. A., Renwick, S. M., & Holt, R. W. (1991). Working and playing together: Prediction of preschool social-emotional competence from mother–child interaction. Child Development, 62, 242–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1993a). Resilience as process. Developmental Psychopathology, 5, 517–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., Pianta, R., & O’Brien, M. A. (1993b). Maternal intrusiveness in infancy and child maladaptation in early school years. Developmental Psychopathology, 5, 359–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullinwider-Bush, N., & Jacobvitz, D. B. (1993). The transition to adulthood: Generational boundary dissolution and female identity development. Family Process, 32, 87–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, N. L., Barker, E. T., & Almeida, D. M. (2003). Parents do matter: Trajectories of change in externalising and internalising problems in early adolescence. Child Development, 74, 578–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, S. E., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Parents, peers, and problem behaviour: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of relationship perceptions and characteristics on the development of adolescent problem behaviour. Developmental Psychology, 41(2), 401–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L., & Saltzstein, H. D. (1967). Parent discipline and the child’s moral development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 45–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, L. M. (2004). Interpersonal foundations of psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, S., Powers, S. I., Noam, G., Jacobson, A., Weiss, B., & Follansbee, D. (1984). Familial contexts of adolescent ego development. Child Development, 55, 195–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobvitz, D. B., & Bush, N. F. (1996). Reconstructions of family relationships: Parent child alliances, personal distress and self-esteem. Developmental Psychology, 32, 732–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobvitz, D. B., Morgan, E., Kretchmar, M. D., & Morgan, Y. (1991). The transmission of mother–child boundary disturbances across three generations. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 513–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobvitz, D. B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1987). The early caregiver–child relationship and attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity in kindergarten: A prospective study. Child Development, 58, 1488–1495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A., & Fine, M. A. (1994). Family acceptance and family control as predictors of adjustment in young adolescents: Linear, curvilinear or interactive effects? Child Development, 65, 1137–1146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leising, D., & Borkenau, P. (2011). Person perception, dispositional inferences, and social judgment. In L. M. Horowitz & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment and therapeutic interventions (pp. 123–142). New Jersey: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialisation in the context of the family: Parent–child interactions. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialisation, personality and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macfie, J., Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F. A., Robinson, J., Emde, R. N., & Cicchetti, D. (1999). Effect of maltreatment on pre-schoolers’ narrative representations of responses to relieve distress and of role reversal. Developmental Psychology, 35, 460–465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melby, J. N., Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Lorenz, F. O. (1993). Effects of parental behaviour on tobacco use by young male adolescents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(2), 439–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M. G., & Gould, R. W. (1963). Role-reversal: A necessary concept in dealing with battered child syndrome. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 33, 298–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1984). The correlation of family management practices and delinquency. Child Development, 55, 1299–1307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rollins, B. C., & Thomas, D. L. (1979). Parental support, power and control techniques in the socialisation of children. In W. R. Burr, R. Hill, F. I. Nye, & I. L. Reiss (Eds.), Contemporary theories about the family: Vol. 1. Research based theories (pp. 317–364). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children’s reports of parental behaviour: An inventory. Child Development, 36, 413–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of child rearing. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soenens, B., Elliot, A. J., Goossens, L., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., & Duriez, B. (2005). The intergenerational transmission of perfectionism: Parents’ psychological control as an intervening variable. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(3), 358–366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, D. J., Hogan, R., & Ainsworth, M. D. (1971). Infant obedience and maternal behaviour: The origins of socialisation reconsidered. Child Development, 42, 1057–1067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symonds, P. M. (1939). The psychology of parent–child relationships. New York: Appleton Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker-Barnes, C. J., & Mason, C. A. (2001). Ethnic differences in the effect of parenting on gang involvement and gang delinquency: A longitudinal, hierarchical linear modelling perspective. Child Development, 72, 1814–1831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, J. S. (1979). A psychological taxonomy of trait descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 395–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harnagea, C. (2016). Parental Relating: A New Conceptualisation of Parenting Styles and the Development of the Adult Recollection of Parental Relating Questionnaire (ARPRQ). In: Birtchnell, J., Newberry, M., Kalaitzaki, A. (eds) Relating Theory – Clinical and Forensic Applications. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50459-3_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics