Skip to main content

Using the Person’s Relating to Others Questionnaire (PROQ) to Support Offenders with Intellectual Disability and Personality Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Relating Theory – Clinical and Forensic Applications
  • 630 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses an approach to working with a particular population who experience difficulties with their relating skills: offenders with intellectual disability (ID) and personality disorder (PD). This chapter provides a brief definition of both ID and PD before providing a brief summary of the link between PD and offending and summarising the relationship between PD and offending in those with ID. A treatment setting that has an explicit focus on the interpersonal difficulties that are a central feature of this particular group of offenders is described and the strategies used to address relating difficulties are reviewed. The chapter is concluded with a case illustration that highlights the value of the Person’s Relating to Others Questionnaire-Version 3 (PROQ3; Birtchnell et al., Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20, 36–48, 2013) when working with adult offenders with ID.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander, R. T., Crouch, K., Halstead, S., & Pichaud, J. (2006). Long-term outcome from a medium secure service for people with ID. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 305–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yagon, M. (2007). Socioemotional and behavioral adjustment among school-age children with learning disabilities: The moderating role of maternal personal resources. Journal of Special Education, 40(4), 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al‐Yagon, M. (2010). Maternal emotional resources and socio‐emotional well‐being of children with and without learning disabilities. Family Relations, 59(2), 152–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauminger, N., & Kimhi-Kind, I. (2008). Social information processing, security of attachment, and emotion regulation in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(4), 315–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J. (1993/1996). How humans relate: A new interpersonal theory. Hardback, Westport, CT: Praeger; paperback, Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J., & Evans, C. (2004). The Person’s Relating to Others Questionnaire (PROQ2). Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 125–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J., Falkowski, J., & Steffert, B. (1992). The negative relating of depressed patients: A new approach. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24(3), 165–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J., Hammond, S., Horn, E., De Jong, C., & Kalaitzaki, A. (2013). A cross-national comparison of a shorter version of the person’s relating to others questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20(1), 36–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birtchnell, J., Shuker, R., Newberry, M., & Duggan, C. (2009). An assessment of change in negative relating in two male forensic samples using the person’s relating to others questionnaire (PROQ). The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 20, 387–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R., Logan, C., Donnelley, J., & Renwick, S. (2003). Personality disorders, psychopathy and other mental disorders: Co-morbidity among patients at English and Scottish high security hospitals. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 14, 111–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R., Logan, C., Renwick, S., & Donnelley, J. P. (2005). Higher order dimensions of personality disorder: Hierarchical and relationships with the five factor model, the interpersonal circle and psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 597–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • British Psychological Society. (2000). Learning disability: Definitions and contexts. Leicester, UK: Professional Affairs Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coid, J., Yang, M., Tyrer, P., Roberts, A., & Ulllrich, S. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 423–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, P., & Crowther, S. (2013). Cognitive analytic therapy integrated into a therapeutic community approach. In J. Loyd & P. Clayton (Eds.), Cognitive analytic therapy for people with intellectual disabilities and their carers (pp. 191–202). London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowther, S., Withers, P., Chatburn, V., Capewell, P., & Sharples, D. (2013). A community groups approach to managing interpersonal violence in an intellectual disabilities service. Proceedings of the 8th European Congress on Violence in Clinical Psychiatry, Kavanagh, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E. (2003). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 51–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder among 23000 prisoners: Systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet, 16, 545–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, N., Fitzgerald, S., Taylor, J., MacCulloch, M. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2007). Predicting future reconviction in offenders with intellectual disabilities: The predictive efficacy of the VRAG, PCL:SV and the HCR-20. Psychological Assessment, 19, 474–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J., & Goldwyn, R. (2002). Annotation: Attachment disorganisation and psychopathology: New findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), 835–846.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, R., Huband, N., Duggan, C., & Mannion, A. (2008). Exploring the link between personality disorder and criminality in a community sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 589–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, P., Kerr, M., & Andershed, H. (2005). Linking adult psychopathy with childhood hyperactivity–impulsivity attention problems and conduct problems through retrospective self-reports. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 94–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S., & Morrissey, C. (2010). Validity of personality disorder as a diagnosis in forensic intellectual disability. Paper presented at International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services Conference, Vancouver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. R., Hogue, T., Taylor, J. L., Mooney, P., Steptoe, L., Johnston, S., et al. (2006). Two studies on the prevalence and validity of personality disorder in three forensic intellectual disability samples. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 17, 485–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. R., Steptoe, L., Hogue, T. E., Taylor, J. L., Mooney, P., Haut, F., et al. (2007). Relationship between assessed emotion, personality, personality disorder and risk in offenders with intellectual disability. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 17, 385–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, A. (1969a). Changes in attitudes to authority of patients with behaviour disorders in a therapeutic community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 1049–1057.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, A. (1969b). The effects of a therapeutic community on the interpersonal relationships of a group of psychopaths. British Journal of Criminology, 22, 22–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, P., Klinteberg, B., Batty, G. D., & Vågerö, D. (2009). Childhood intelligence predicts hospitalization with personality disorder in adulthood: Evidence from a population-based study in Sweden. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 535–541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, C., & Taylor, J. (2014). Changes in PD symptoms after 2 years in a milieu treatment programme. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7, 323–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, C., Taylor, J., & Bennett, C. (2012). Evaluation of a therapeutic community intervention for men with intellectual disability and personality disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 3, 52–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. (2013). The evolution of a therapeutic community for offenders with intellectual disability and personality disorder: Part two – increasing responsivity. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities, 34(1), 29–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. (2014a). Developing a framework for the identification of criminogenic needs in offenders with intellectual disability and personality disorder: The treatment need matrix. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disability, 8, 43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. (2014b). We came, we saw, we conquered. Referrals, admissions and progress in therapeutic communities for prisoners with learning disability. Report prepared for Correctional Service Accreditation Panel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. (2015). Implementing a therapeutic community in medium secure setting: A service evaluation after 20 months of treatment (Internal report). St Andrew’s Healthcare.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., Morrissey, C., Trout, S., & Bennett, C. (2012). The evolution of a therapeutic community for offenders with intellectual disability and personality disorder: Part one – clinical characteristic. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities, 33, 144–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torr, J. (2008). Personality disorder and offending in people with learning disabilities. Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 2, 4–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, J. (2004). Do peer relationships foster behavioral adjustment in children with learning disabilities? Learning Disability Quarterly, 27(1), 21–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zigler, E., & Burack, J. A. (1989). Personality development and the dually diagnosed person. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 10(3), 225–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Taylor, J. (2016). Using the Person’s Relating to Others Questionnaire (PROQ) to Support Offenders with Intellectual Disability and Personality Disorder. In: Birtchnell, J., Newberry, M., Kalaitzaki, A. (eds) Relating Theory – Clinical and Forensic Applications. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50459-3_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics