Abstract
There have been dramatic changes in agricultural policies in the past 25 years, both in rich and in poor countries. Rather than the divergence observed in the 1950s to the 1980s, there is significant convergence in taxation and subsidization. This chapter documents this convergence and explains the reasons for it.
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Notes
- 1.
See Nakasone et al. (2014) for a review.
- 2.
For example, the inability of the EU’s trading partners to constrain the EU’s subsidization of exports induced these countries to insist on including agriculture in the GATT (Sumner and Tangerman 2002).
- 3.
The PSE is a similar indicator as the NRA but the methodologies differ somewhat (Anderson 2009; OECD 2016). Initially the PSE calculations were only for OECD member states but more recently also some other countries, such as China and Brazil , are covered. The PSE data cover 28 countries, 12 of which are not OECD members, over the period 1986–2009. For countries not belonging to the OECD, the time coverage is not complete: the first-year observation is around 1990–1992 and the last is 2007.
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Swinnen, J. (2018). Development Paradox and Anti-Trade Bias Revisited?. In: The Political Economy of Agricultural and Food Policies. Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50102-8_6
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