Abstract
Contemporary formations of race and racism across the Southern Caucasus region are intimately connected with racialised histories, the legacy of Ottoman, Turkish and Soviet political projects and making of three new racial states: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan which came into being in the post-Soviet era. It is in the interface between racial Europeanisation and the resurrection of both Russian racialised modernity and local racial nationalisms that the specificities of racisms in the Southern Caucasus region can be found here at this spatial intersection between Eastern Europe, Russia and Western Asia. The Soviet experience of domination, the knowledge regime of racial science and global circulation of dominant forms of racial discourse, together with multiple configurations of ethnoracial differentiation and division have all influenced these outcomes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
This paragraph draws on interviews carried out with Alexander Iskandaryan, Sergei Minasyan, Hrant Mikaelyan and Marina Saryan, Institute for Caucasus Studies, Yerevan University, Yerevan, 16 September 2014.
- 2.
Interview with Naira Avetisyan, Deputy Head of Council of Europe Office, Yerevan, Armenia, 15 September 2014.
- 3.
See Decree of the President of Azerbaijan on the Genocide of the Azerbaijanis. Bakinskiy Rabochiy, 26 March 1998 (in Russian). The Decree was translated into English and is available online from the official website maintained by the Office of the President of Azerbaijan. The suspected author of the text of the Decree is Vafa Guluzade, former presidential advisor to the Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev, best known for his scandalous proposal to establish a NATO military base near Baku (Haji-Petros 2001).
- 4.
The Georgian term for the nation’s essence.
References
Abdushelishvili, Malkhaz. 1968. Anthropology of the ancient and modern populations of the Caucasus. In Contributions to the physical anthropology of Central Asia and the Caucasus. Cambridge: Russian Translation Series, Mass: The Peabody Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
Abdushelishvili, Malkhaz. 1979. Central problems in ethnic anthropology in Southwest Asia in the light of the latest research. In Physiological and morphological adaptation and evolution, ed. William Stini. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Agayez, Rasim. 2012. Turkey-Armenia protocols have caused split in Armenia. 12 October. http://www.today.az/view.php?id=56460.
Anti-Defamation League. 2014. Global 100. http://global100.adl.org/about.
Astourian, Stephan H. 1999. Modern Turkish identity and the Armenian genocide, from prejudice to racist nationalism. In Remembrance and denial, the case of the Armenian genocide, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Aydıngün, Aysegül. 2013. The ethnification and nationalisation of religion in the post-Soviet Georgian nation-state building process: A source of discrimination and minority rights violations? International Journal of Human Rights 17(7–8): 810–828.
Bakalian, Anny P. 1994. Armenian-Americans: From being to feeling Armenian. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Baum, Bruce. 2006. The rise and fall of the caucasian race: A political history of racial identity. New York: New York University Press.
Binus, Joshua. 2005. Tatus O. Cartozian with his daughters. Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=c5f74925-d75d-54f1-e441ea279f7a9402.
Bitadze, Liana. 2015. Istoriko-antropologicheskie svedeniya. In Gruziny, ed. L. Beriashvili, L. Melikashvili, and L. Solov’eva. Moscow: Nauka.
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich. 1795. On the natural variety of mankind. English translation by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. London: Longman.
Buniatyan, Gayanne. 2006. How does Armenia educate its public administrators in ethnic diversity? Yerevan: Yerevan State University, Armenia, Working Paper.
Chedia, Beka. 2014. Georgian nationalism today, facing the challenges of the new millennium. Stockholm: CA&CC Press.
Chkhartishvili, Mariam, and Ivane Javakhishvili. 2013. Georgian nationalism and the idea of the Georgian nation. Codrul Cosminulu XIX(2): 189–206.
Darieva, Tsypylma. 2011. Rethinking homecoming: Diasporic cosmopolitanism in post-Soviet Armenia. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(3): 490–508.
Dobbins, Michael, and Mariam Parsadanishvili. 2013. Statehood religion and strategic Europeanization in the Southern Caucasus. Euxeinos, Governance and Culture in the Black Sea Region 9: 3–4.
ECMI (European Centre for Minority Issues). 2011. Minority issues mainstreaming in the Southern Caucasus. Tbilisi: ECMI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2010a. Report on Georgia. Brussels: ECRI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2010b. Report on Estonia. Brussels: ECRI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2011a. Report on Armenia. Brussels: ECRI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2011b. Report on Lithuania. Brussels: ECRI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2011c. Report on Azerbaijan. Brussels: ECRI.
Geddie, John. 1885. The Russian empire, its rise and progress. Edinburgh: T. Nelson and Sons.
Goldenberg, Susan. 1994. Pride of small nations, the Caucasus and post-Soviet disorder. London: Zed.
Goldenberg, David. 2003. The curse of ham: Race and slavery in early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Haji-Petros, Vahan H. 2001. Defeating genocide: Analysis of ethnic conflicts in Nagorno Karabakh and Kosovo. http://www.cilicia.com/DGindex.htm.
Hartley, Charles, G. Bike Yazicioğlu, and Adam T. Smith (eds.). 2012. The archaeology of power and politics in Eurasia, regimes and revolutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hovannisian, Richard G. 1999. Introduction: The Armenian genocide. In Remembrance and denial, the case of the Armenian genocide, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Iskandaryan, Alexander. 2011. The South Caucasus: Becoming a region or trying to be one. In Identities, ideologies and institutions, a decade of insight into the Caucasus, ed. A. Iskandaryan. Yerevan: Caucasus Institute.
Janiashvili, George, Nino Gvedashvili, David Chikashua, and Irma Mamasakhlisi. 2003. People without rights, Roma rights in Georgia. Tbilisi: HRIDC.
Jones, Stephen, and Robert Parsons. 1996. Georgia and the Georgians. In The nationalities question in the post-Soviet states, ed. Graham Smith. London: Longman.
Kaiser, Hilmar. 1998. Imperialism, racism and development theories, the construction of a dominant paradigm on Ottoman Armenians. Ann Arbour: Gomidas Institute.
Kaiser, Hilmar. 1999. The Baghdad railway and the Armenian genocide, 1915–1916. In Remembrance and denial, the case of the Armenian genocide, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Khaindrava, Ivlian. 2001. Moving in several directions at once: Religion in Georgia in the 21st century. In Identities, ideologies and institutions, a decade of insight into the Caucasus, ed. A. Iskandaryan. Yerevan: Caucasus Institute.
Khudaverdyan, Anahit Yu. 2012. Armenia in the Eurasian ethnic context of late classical antiquity: Craniometric evidence. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40(3): 138–148.
Khutsishvili, Taka and Ana Sheshaberidze. 2010. “I Am Afraid of Chinese People!” “Negros Have Attacked Us?!” – Racism problem in Georgia http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=main&pid=8139&lang=eng. 19 March.
Law, Ian. 2012. Red racisms, racism in communist and post-communist contexts. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Law, Ian, Anna Jacobs, Nisreen Kaj, Simona Pagano, and Bozena Sojka-Koirala. 2014. Mediterranean racisms, connections and complexities in the Mediterranean region. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Macfarlane, S. Neil. 1997. Democratisation, nationalism and regional security in the Southern Caucasus. Government and Opposition 39(3): 399–420.
Mahler, Claudia, Anja Mihr, and Reeta Toivanen. 2005. Human rights, minorities and human rights education. In Armenia: A human rights perspective for peace and democracy, ed. A. Mihr, A. Mkrtichyan, C. Mahler, and R. Toivanen. Potsdam: University of Potsdam.
Marashlian, Levon. 1999. Finishing the genocide, cleansing Turkey of Armenian survivors, 1920–1923. In Remembrance and denial, the case of the Armenian genocide, ed. Richard Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Marshall, Maureen. 2014. Becoming bioarcheology? Traditions of physical anthropology and archaeology in Armenia. In Archaeological human remains, global perspectives, ed. B. O’Donnabhain and M.C. Lozada. New York: Springers Briefs in Archaeology.
Marshall, Maureen, and Ruzan Mkrtchyan. 2011. Armenia/Hayastan, the Routledge handbook of archaeological human remains and legislation. London: Routledge.
Marushiakova, Elena and Vesselin Popov. 2014. The Gypsies (Dom – Lom – Rom) in Georgia. Proceedings of annual meeting of the gypsy lore society and conference on Romani studies. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwFvqsBgQJK1UHpZWVNXWlFRVks0MXZIZUpMLUthdnZuMXRN/edit.
Matousian, Leo. 2006. Armenian arayans forum, http://www.armenianaryans.com/AC/archive/index.php5?t-5.html).
Matsaberidze, David. 2014. The role of civic nationalism in transformation of the internal ethnic politics of post-Soviet Georgia. Flensburg: ECMI.
Meiners, Christoph. 1785. Grundriss der Gerschichte der Menschheit. Lemgo
Minasyan, Sergey. 2007. From political rallies to conventions, political and legal aspects of protecting the rights of the Armenian ethnic minority in Georgia as exemplified by the Samtskhe-Javakheti region. Yerevan: Caucasus Media Institute.
Peinhopf, Andrea. 2014. Ethnic minority women in Georgia, facing a double burden? Flensburg: ECMI.
Prasad, Conor. 2012. Georgia’s Muslim community, a self-fulfilling prophecy. Flensburg: ECMI.
Sahakyan, M. 2001. Framework convention in the realization of the state authorities of Armenia. The role of the state in protection of the rights of national minorities. Conference Materials. Sevan, 29–31 August.
Sarafian, Ara. 1999. The archival trail, authentication of the treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman empire, 1915–16. In Remembrance and denial, the case of the Armenian genocide, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Saroyan, Mark. 1996. Beyond the nation-state: Culture and ethnic politics in Soviet Transcaucasia. In Transcaucasia, nationalism, and social change: Essays in the history of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, ed. Ronald G. Suny. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Shnirelman, V. 2012a. Russkoe rodnoverie. Neoyazychestvo i natsionalizm v sovremennoy Rossii. Moscow: BBI.
Shnirelman, Victor. 2012b. Archaeology and the national idea in Eurasia. In The archeaology of power and politics in Eurasia, ed. Charles Hartley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sonyel, Salahi Ramadan. 1987. The Ottoman Armenians: Victims of great power diplomacy. London: K. Rustem and Brother.
Sordia, G. 2009. A way out? Initial steps towards addressing Romani issues in Georgia. Flensburg: ECMI.
Suny, Ronald G. 1993. Looking towards Ararat, Armenia in modern history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Suvariani, Nona. 2008. Week of antiracism in Georgia. http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=main&pid=7060&lang=eng.
Swietochowski, Tadeusz. 2011. Islam and national identity in the Borderland: The case of Azerbaijan. In Identities, ideologies and institutions, 2001–2011 a decade on insight into the Caucasus, ed. Alexander Iskandaryan. Yerevan: Caucasus Institute.
Szakonyi, D. 2008. No way out: An assessment of the Romani community in Georgia. Flensburg: ECMI.
Tishkov, Valery. 1997. Ethnicity, nationalism and conflict in and after the Soviet Union, the mind aflame. London: Sage.
Toynbee, Arnold J. 1915. Armenian atrocities: The murder of a nation, with a speech delivered by Lord Bryce in the house of lords. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Toynbee, Arnold J, ed. 1916a. Key to names and persons and places withheld from publication in the original edition of ‘The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman empire, 1915–1916’. Miscellaneous no. 31. London.
Toynbee, Arnold J, ed. 1916b. The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman empire, 1915–1916. London: Sir Joseph Causton and Sons.
Velichko, Vasili L. 2007. Caucasus: Russian affairs and intertribal problems. Baku: Baa Publishing.
Yeck, Connor. 2014. Armenian nationalism, emergent political organizations and revolutionary activity surrounding the First World War. Michigan State Journal of History 6: 1–26.
Zakharov, Nikolay. 2015. Race and racism in Russia. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Ziemer, Ulrike. 2011. Minority youth, everyday racism and public spaces in contemporary Russia. European Journal of Cultural Studies 14(2): 229–242.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zakharov, N., Law, I. (2017). Racisms in the Southern Caucasus: Multiple Configurations. In: Post-Soviet Racisms. Mapping Global Racisms. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47692-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47692-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-47691-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-47692-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)