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News, Conflict and Environment as Social Constructions

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Environmental News in South America

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Abstract

Using an innovative approach that encompasses perspectives from media studies, political ecology and political ecology, Pinto, Prado and Tirado examine the body of literature that views the connections between environment and society. With a particular focus on Latin America, the chapter provides a much-needed overview of environment, news and protest as social constructions. Mediated discourse surrounding environmental debate provides an opportunity to explore how local protest is scaled up to national and global levels, or marginalized and prevented from entering public sphere debate. As well as looking at the literature informing the book’s conceptual approach, the chapter also explains the methodology employed here, which encompasses both qualitative and quantitative content analysis, as well as dozens of interviews with the journalists who reported the news.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The variable frame in the Ecuador case was coded using a different instrument. It includes 16 categories: (a) social progress; that is, if the news is presented as an issue of improving the quality of life or as living in harmony with nature; (b) solidarity; that is, whether the issue was presented in terms of empathy with other populations; (c) social/environmental justice; that is, if the issue was presented in terms of distribution of resources, democratic participation, equity, conflict, race or class; (d) economic development/competitiveness; that is, if the narrative was focused in terms of market benefits or risks; (e) morality and ethics; that is, if the angle taken is about what is right or what is wrong; (f) scientific/technical uncertainty; that is, when it was left to experts to decide; (g) risk/Pandora’s box; that is, if the news was about precautions in the face of dangerous consequences; (h) fatalism; that is, if there was no way to avoid the consequences; (i) public accountability and governance; that is, if it was presented as an issue of transparency, participation and responsiveness; (j) middle way/alternative path; that is, when there was third way between polarizing views; (k) conflict and strategy, referring to loss or gain frames; that is, who is winning or losing, or a battle between personalities or groups; (l) identity frame; that is, when there was a person’s orientation or individual interest in the conflict, the community had a role on it, or if it was related to local institutions; (m) characterization of others; that is, if there were attributions of blame, or different perceptions between groups; (n) legal narrative; (o) other; and (p) multiple frames.

  2. 2.

    In our database we created a specific ID number for each news article.

  3. 3.

    In the instrument used in Brazil and Chile, frames are mutually exclusive, which means that there only can be one frame in a news article. However, in the case of Ecuador, we allowed for the possibility of multiple frames.

  4. 4.

    Since we are interested in looking at relations between two variables, that is, frame and scope, we used two-dimensional network graphs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Journalism and Mass Communication, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA

    Juliet Pinto

  2. Communication Dept, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA

    Paola Prado

  3. Dept. Politics & International Relations, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA

    J. Alejandro Tirado-Alcaraz

Authors
  1. Juliet Pinto
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  2. Paola Prado
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  3. J. Alejandro Tirado-Alcaraz
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Pinto, J., Prado, P., Tirado-Alcaraz, J.A. (2017). News, Conflict and Environment as Social Constructions. In: Environmental News in South America. Palgrave Studies in Media and Environmental Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47499-5_2

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