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Sport, Protest and Globalisation pp 151–179Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Fighting Toxic Greens: The Global Anti-Golf Movement (GAG’M) Revisited

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Waldron, I., “Three months and counting: Occupy Golf takes on the Rio Olympics”, Latin Correspondent, 12 March 2015, http://latincorrespondent.com/brazil/three-months-counting-occupy-golf-takes-rio-olympics/ (accessed 10 July 2015).

  2. 2.

    http://www.antigolf.org/english.html (accessed 10 July 2015).

  3. 3.

    https://www.facebook.com/groups/8063947826/ (accessed 10 July 2015).

  4. 4.

    Anon., People’s Plan for the 21st Century: Statement of the International People’s Forum on Third World Tourism, 29 Nov.–4 Dec. 1992, Phuket Teachers College, Phuket, Thailand, Contours, Vol. 5, No. 8, Dec. 1992, pp. 18–19.

  5. 5.

    Pleumarom (1994).

  6. 6.

    Pearce, F., “How green is your golf?” New Scientist, 25 Sept. 1993, pp. 30–35.

  7. 7.

    GAG’M Update No. 2, 1994, “Background Notes of the 2nd International Conference on Resort and Golf Course Development, Kamogawa, Japan, 21st–24th March 1994: Summary of the Country Report Japan”, p. 11.

  8. 8.

    GAG’M Update No. 1, 1993, introduction, pp. 2–4.

  9. 9.

    GAG’M Update No. 1, 1993, “Statement of the Global Anti-Golf Movement, 29 April 1993”, p. 5.

  10. 10.

    Pleumarom (1992).

  11. 11.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1993, op. cit. p. 5.

  12. 12.

    The Global Network for Anti-Golf Action (GNAGA), GNAGA Statement of Purpose, Tokyo 1992, p. 2.

  13. 13.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1993, op. cit. p. 7.

  14. 14.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1993, see various reports in section “World No Golf Day”, pp. 8–15.

  15. 15.

    Emerson, T., “The Anti-Golf Guerillas”, Newsweek, 20 Sept. 1993.

  16. 16.

    Sarah, S., Chatterjee, P., “Fairway to heaven?” The Guardian, 17 Sept. 1993.

  17. 17.

    Pearce, op. cit.

  18. 18.

    Anon. (1993), “Greens against greens”, The Economist, 15 May.

  19. 19.

    Barnes, B. (1993), “Fairway to hell”, The Australian, 29 March.

  20. 20.

    Pearce 1993, op. cit.

  21. 21.

    Allison, T. et al., “Clubbed to Death—How much longer before Asia is turned into one big golf course?” Asia Magazine, 15–17 April 1994, p. 12.

  22. 22.

    Anon., “Golfmania”, Tapol Bulletin, No. 117, June 1993, pp. 17–20.

  23. 23.

    Ibid., p. 19.

  24. 24.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1993, “GAG’M Letter to President Soeharto of the Republic of Indonesia, 17 November 1993”, pp. 27–29.

  25. 25.

    Goswami, R., “How green will these golf courses in Goa be?”, The Sunday Observer, 9–15 May 1993.

  26. 26.

    Pleumarom (1994), op. cit., p. 54.

  27. 27.

    GAG’M Update, No. 2, 1994, “Background Notes of the 2nd International Conference on Resort and Golf Course Development, Kamogawa, Japan, 21st–24th March 1994: Summary of the Country Report Goa—India”, p. 15.

  28. 28.

    GAG’M Update, No. 2, 1994, p. 143.

  29. 29.

    Cit. in Emerson 1993, op. cit.

  30. 30.

    Ibid.

  31. 31.

    Ing and Bennett (1993).

  32. 32.

    Ibid., p. 24.

  33. 33.

    Ibid., p. 22.

  34. 34.

    GAG’M Update, No. 2, 1994, “NO to golf in the Olympics”—GAG’M Letter to Mr Juan Antonio Samaranch, President of the IOC, 30 December 1993, pp. 19–20.

  35. 35.

    Anon., “Keep golf out of the Sydney 2000 Games”, The Nation, 24 Jan. 1994.

  36. 36.

    GAG’M Update, No. 2, 1994, GAG’M Press Release on occasion of the 2nd International Conference on Resort & Golf Course Development, Tokyo 28 March 1994, p. 9.

  37. 37.

    Fahn, J., “Going against the green”, The Nation, 29 April 1994.

  38. 38.

    Tsutomi Kuji (1995).

  39. 39.

    Ibid., p. 13.

  40. 40.

    GAG’M Update, No. 2, 1994, “GAG’M Statement: Help launch the World No Golf Year on 29 April 1994!”, pp. 17–18.

  41. 41.

    GAG’M Update, No. 3, 1994, “GAG’M letter to Prime Minister Khamtay Siphandone, People’s Democratic Republic of Laos, 21 November 1994”, pp. 70–71.

  42. 42.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1995, “GAG’M letter to Prime Minister Vo Van Kiet of Vietnam’, 27 January 1995”, pp. 129–133.

  43. 43.

    Pleumarom, A., “A holiday in hell”, The Nation, 29 March 1993.

  44. 44.

    Warren (1998).

  45. 45.

    GAG’M Update, No. 3, 1994, see various articles by Alasdair Coyne published in “Voice”, pp. 140–143.

  46. 46.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1995, “The Pebble Beach golf course story”, pp. 177–189.

  47. 47.

    Dilworth, D., Monterey Pine Forests Win! Helping Our Peninsula’s Environment (HOPE), Carmel, USA, 18 June 2007.

  48. 48.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1995, see various reports, pp. 199–204.

  49. 49.

    GAG’M Update, No. 2, 1994, “Background Notes of the 2nd International Conference on Resort and Golf Course Development, Kamogawa, Japan, 21st–24th March 1994: Summary of the Country Report United Kingdom”, p. 16.

  50. 50.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1993, Press Release by Desmond Fernandes, GAG’M representative U.K., and The Bramshott Commoners Society: Commoners vs golf course development: Old Thorns, Liphook, Hants., pp. 83–84.

  51. 51.

    GAG’M Update, No. 3, 1994, “Alps designed as golf development region”, p. 145.

  52. 52.

    Ibid., “ The seamy side of the golf boom”, p. 149.

  53. 53.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1995, see two GAG’M letters to the Government of Slovenia, 23 February 1995 and 15 June 1995, pp. 228–231.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., GAG’M letter to Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou of Greece 19 April 1995, pp. 217–218.

  55. 55.

    GAG’M, Boycott JAL—Save South Kona!, Fact Sheet, Penang 1995.

  56. 56.

    Dayton, K., “Ruling suspends luxury project on Big Island’, Honolulu Advertiser, 10 Sept. 2003, http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2003/Sep/10/ln/ln01a.html (accessed 12 July 2015).

  57. 57.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1996, country file Mexico, pp. 188–207.

  58. 58.

    Ibid., pp. 195–197.

  59. 59.

    Ibid., special supplement: “Update on the ‘El Tepozteco’ case in Mexico”.

  60. 60.

    GAG’M, Open Letter to Mr. Jack Nicklaus, President of Golden Bear International, Inc., Penang 23 April 1996, 4 pages.

  61. 61.

    Ibid., p. 4.

  62. 62.

    UN-ESCAP and ADB (1995).

  63. 63.

    European Golf Association Ecology Unit, An environmental strategy for golf in Europe, Oxford 1995, p. 6.

  64. 64.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1995, GAG’M letter to the participants of the conference on Golf and the Environment, Pebble Beach, California, 15–18 January 1995: “Golf conference urged to tell the truth”, pp. 14–16.

  65. 65.

    Ibid.

  66. 66.

    GAG’M Update, No. 1, 1996, ‘GAG’M letter to the participants of the World Congress on Sport and Environment’, Barcelona, 20–23 March 1996: “Green fees: The environmental and social costs of golf courses”, pp. 27–31.

  67. 67.

    Ibid.

  68. 68.

    Ibid.; GAG’M note on the Barcelona conference, p. 32.

  69. 69.

    Anon., “Golfonomics: Asia in the rough”, The Economist, 20 Sept. 1997, p. 89.

  70. 70.

    Ibid., p. 91.

  71. 71.

    See e.g. Chee Yoke Ling, “Golf tourism”, Third World Resurgence, No. 207/208, 2007; as well as the Tourism Investigation & Monitoring Team’s (tim-team) bi-monthly bulletins: New Frontiers 1997–2009 and Southeast Asia Tourism Monitor 2010–2015, posted at http://www.twn.my/tour.htm (accessed 13 July 2015), as well as tim-team Clearinghouse Email-service 2007–2012.

  72. 72.

    See various press reports at: http://www.savebimini.org/news.html (accessed 15 July 2015);

  73. 73.

    See e.g. GAG’M letter to The Rt. Hon. Hubert Alexander Ingraham, Prime Minister and Minister of Finance of The Bahamas, and Bahamas government agencies: YES to Bimini marine protected area—NO to golf course, Bankok, 21 November 2008.

  74. 74.

    http://www.tribune242.com/news/2014/sep/22/insight-anyone-golf-not-us-say-biminites/ (accessed 15 July 2015).

  75. 75.

    GAG’M letter to Smt. Ambika Soni, Indian Union Minister of Tourism and Culture: NO to golf courses—YES to biodiversity park in Kerala, Bangkok, 17 June 2008.

  76. 76.

    SAVE letter to the President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón, with support from GAG’M: NO to golf courses—YES to biodiversity, Akumal, Riviera Maya, Mexico, 2 August 2008.

  77. 77.

    Gardner, G., Shrinking fields: Cropland loss in a world of eight billion, World Watch Paper No. 131, Washington 1996.

  78. 78.

    Webb, S., “Golf courses, developers nibble at Asia’s rice paddies”, Reuters, 1 May 2008;

  79. 79.

    Pleumarom, A., Golf courses and food production in Thailand, TWN-Features No. 3361, Dec. 2008, p. 5.

  80. 80.

    Greenfeld, K.T., “The death of golf”, Men’s Journal, August 2015, http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/print-view/the-death-of-golf-20150625 (accessed 12 July 2015).

  81. 81.

    Bolton, D., “Japan is turning abandoned golf courses into solar farms to solve its energy problems”, The Independent, 9 July 2015, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/japan-is-turning-abandoned-golf-courses-into-solar-farms-to-solve-its-energy-problems-10379109.html (accessed 14 July 2015).

  82. 82.

    See Bloomberg interview with Jack Nicklaus, posted at YouTube 12 December 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ghy_A2FBY8 (accessed 10 July 2015).

  83. 83.

    Richard, G., “Inclusion in Olympic programme feeds a boom time for golf in China”, The Guardian, 6 March 2010, http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/mar/06/china-golf-courses (accessed 10 July 2015).

  84. 84.

    “A Dangerous Game” is the title of a 2014 documentary from filmmaker and investigative journalist Anthony Baxter (also producer of “You’ve Been Trumped”), which examines the devastating impact of luxury golf resorts around the world, http://www.adangerousgamemovie.com (accessed 10 July 2015).

  85. 85.

    Hogan, B., “Interview with ‘A Dangerous Game’ documentary filmmaker Anthony Baxter”, Ecorazzi, 22 Juni 2015, http://www.ecorazzi.com/2015/06/22/interview-with-a-dangerous-game-documentary-filmmaker-anthony-baxter/ (accessed 12 July 2015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tourism Investigation & Monitoring Team (tim-team), P.O. Box 51, Chorakhebua, Bangkok, 10230, Thailand

    Anita Pleumarom

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  1. School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom

    Jon Dart

  2. Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom

    Stephen Wagg

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Pleumarom, A. (2016). Fighting Toxic Greens: The Global Anti-Golf Movement (GAG’M) Revisited. In: Dart, J., Wagg, S. (eds) Sport, Protest and Globalisation. Global Culture and Sport Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46492-7_8

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