Skip to main content

English in Schools from Various National Perspectives

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Extramural English in Teaching and Learning

Part of the book series: New Language Learning and Teaching Environments ((NLLTE))

  • 2249 Accesses

Abstract

How are languages best learned? In this chapter, a historic overview of approaches to second language teaching and learning are presented. The overview is accompanied by an account of different teaching traditions that have prevailed in diverse parts of the world, as exemplified in official documents stating the role of English. The chapter also gives examples from around the world in order to try and capture the many faces of the state-of-the-art L2 English teaching.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ACTFL. (2012). ACTFL proficiency guidelines. Alexandria, VA: ACTFL Retrieved from http://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/public/ACTFLProficiencyGuidelines2012_FINAL.pdf

  • Aitchison, J. (1994). Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Areanas, I., & Sampera, J. (1994). The Catalan immersion programme: Assessment and recent results. In C. Laurén (Ed.), Evaluating European immersion programs: From Catalonia to Finland (pp. 13–26). Vaasa: University of Vaasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baetens Beardsmore, H. (1982). Bilingualism: Basic principles. Clevedon: Tieto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J. L., & Verleger, M. A. (2013). The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. Paper presented at the 120th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Engineering Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Björklund, S. (1994). Integrating content and language in immersion teaching: Some observations on the linguistic outcome. In C. Laurén (Ed.), Evaluating European immersion programs: From Catalonia to Finland (pp. 175–183). Vaasa: University of Vaasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Björklund, S. (2011). Swedish immersion as a way to promote early multilingualism. Trilingual primary education in Europe. Some developments with regard to the provisions of trilingual primary education in minority language communities of the European Union (pp. 13–31). Leeuwarden: Fryske Academy/European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Björklund, S., Mård-Miettinen, K., & Savijärvi, M. (2014). Swedish immersion in the early years in Finland. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 17(2), 197–214. doi:10.1080/13670050.2013.866628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd Zimmerman, C. (1997). Historical trends in second language vocabulary instruction. In J. Coady & T. Huckin (Eds.), Second language vocabulary acquisition (pp. 5–19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Y. G. (2014a). The role of parental socio-economic status in young learners’ English learning: Two cases in East Asia. In J. Enever, E. Lindgren, & S. Ivanov (Eds.), Conference proceedings from Early language learning: Theory and practice 2014 (pp. 36–41). Umeå: Umeå Studies in Language and Literature.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Y. G. (2014b). Socioeconomic disparities and early English education: A case in Changzhou, China. In N. Murray & A. Scarino (Eds.), Dynamic ecologies: A relational perspective on language education in the Asia-Pacific region (pp. 95–115). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cenoz, J., Genesee, F., & Gorter, D. (2014). Critical analysis of CLIL: Taking stock and looking forward. Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 243–262. doi:10.1093/applin/amt011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christ, I. (1996). Bilingual teaching and learning in Germany. In G. Fruhauf, D. Coyle, & I. Christ (Eds.), Teaching content in a foreign language: Practice and perspective in European bilingual education (pp. 81–100). Alkmaar: Stichting Europees Platform voor het Nederlandse Onderwijs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, D. (2010). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, J. (1991). Language development and academic learning. In L. Malavé & G. Duquette (Eds.), Language, culture and cognition: A collection of studies in first and second language acquisition (pp. 161–175). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, J., & Swain, M. (1986). Bilingualism in education. New York, NY: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dentler, S. (2002). Case 17: mixed ability—Secondary. In D. Marsh (Ed.), CLIL/EMILE—The European dimension (pp. 167–171). Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dentler, S. (2003). Språklig enfald eller mångfald? Om SPRINT som motor i tredjespråksinlärning. In M. Linnarud & E. Sandlund (Eds.), Language and learning. Conference Proceedings from ASLA 2002 (pp. 149–164). Akademitryck: Edsbruk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enever, J. (Ed.) (2011). ELLiE: Early language learning in Europe. Manchester: British Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (1995). White paper on education and training. Teaching and learning: Towards the learning society. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/documents/comm/white_papers/pdf/com95_590_en.pdf

  • European Commission. (2012). First European survey of language competences. Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/languages/eslc/docs/en/final-report-escl_en.pdf

  • Gardner, R. C., Masgoret, A.-M., & Tremblay, P. F. (1999). Home background characteristics and second language learning. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18(4), 419–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harley, B., & Hart, D. (1997). Language aptitude and second language proficiency in classoom learners of different starting ages. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19(3), 379–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harley, B., & Hart, D. (2002). Age, aptitude, and second language learning on a bilingual exchange. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Individual differences and instructed language learning (pp. 301–330). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hartiala, A.-K. (2000). Acquisition of teaching expertise in content and language integrated learning. Turku: Turun Yliopisto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helle, T. (1994). Directions in bilingual education: Finnish comprehensive schools in perspective. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 197–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hellekjaer, G. O. (2002). From upper-secondary EFL instruction to the reading of English textbooks at Norwegian colleges and universities: survey results. Unpublished paper. Oslo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howatt, A. P. R. (1984). A history of English language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovdhaugen, E. (1982). Foundations of Western linguistics. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huigbretse, I. (1994). Late immersion in the Netherlands: State of affairs and research plans. In C. Laurén (Ed.), Evaluating European immersion programs: From Catalonia to Finland (pp. 137–153). Vaasa: University of Vaasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hymes, D. (1966). Two types of linguistic relativity. In W. Bright (Ed.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 114–158). The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenéz Catalán, R. M., Ruiz de Zarobe, Y., & Cenoz, J. (2006). Vocabulary profiles of English foreign language learners in English as a subject and as a vehicular language. Vienna English Working Papers, 15(3), 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Järvinen, H.-M. (1999). Acquisition of English in content and language integrated learning at elementary level in the Finnish comprehensive school. (Diss.), University of Turku, Turku.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G. (1969). 25 centuries of language teaching. Rowley: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. (2004b). “It depends on the students themselves”: Independent language learning at an Indonesian state school. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 17(3), 229–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. (2007). The impact of school on EFL learning motivation: An Indonesian case study. TESOL Quarterly, 41(4), 757–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. (2012). A self system perspective on young adolescents’ motivation to learn English in urban and rural settings. Language Learning, 52(4), 997–1023. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00719.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapkin, S., Swain, M., & Smith, M. (2002). Reformulation and the learning of French pronominal verbs in a Canadian French immersion context. The Modern Language Journal, 86(4), 485–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen-Freeman, D., & Anderson, M. (2011). Techniques and principles in language teaching (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebrun, N., & Baetens Beardsmore, H. (1993). Trilingual education in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In H. Baetens Beardsmore (Ed.), European models of bilingual education (pp. 101–120). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leman, J. (1993). Bicultural programmes in the Dutch-language school system in Brussels. In H. Baetens Beardsmore (Ed.), European models of bilingual education (pp. 86–100). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. (1993). The lexical approach: The state of ELT and the way forward. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim Falk, M. (2008). Svenska i engelskspråkig skolmiljö: Ämnesrelaterat språkbruk i två gymnasieklasser. (Diss.), Stockholm University, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim Falk, M. (2015). English and Swedish in CLIL student texts. The Language Learning Journal, 43(3), 304–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, D. (2002). The European Language Portfolio: Structure, origins, implementation and challenges. Language Teaching, 35(3), 182–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, D. (2005). The Common European Framework and the European Language Portfolio: Involving learners and their judgements in the assessment process. Language Testing, 22(3), 321–336. doi:10.1191/0265532205lt311oa.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macneil, M. (1994). Immersion models in use in Gaelic medium education in Scotland. In C. Laurén (Ed.), Evaluating European immersion programs: from Catalonia to Finland (pp. 128–136). Vaasa: University of Vaasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, D. (Ed.) (2002). CLIL/EMILE—The European dimension. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, D., Maljers, A., & Hartiala, A.-K. (2001). Profiling European CLIL classrooms. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez Adrián, M., & Gutiérrez Mangado, M. J. (2015). Is CLIL instruction beneficial in terms of general proficiency and specific areas of grammar? Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 3(1), 51–76. doi:10.1075/jicb.3.1.03adr.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, E. (1933). The human problems of an industrial civilization. Boston, MA: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäsch, N. (1993). The German model of bilingual edu-cation: An administrator’s perspective In H. Baetens Beardsmore (Ed.), European models of bilingual education (pp. 155–172). Clevedon: Tieto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nehr, M. (2002). Multilingualism in educational institutions. European Education, 33(3), 74–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikula, T. (1997). Terminological considerations in teaching content through a foreign language. In D. Marsh, B. Marsland, & T. Nikula (Eds.), Aspects of implementing plurilingual education (pp. 5–8). Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, J. (2000). Content and language integrated learning and teaching in Sweden. Stockholm: Swedish National Agency for Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reierstam, H. (2015). Assessing content or language? (Lic.), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz de Zarobe, Y. (2008). CLIL and foreign language learning: A longitudinal study in the Basque country. International CLIL Research Journal, 1(1), 60–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz de Zarobe, Y. (2010). Written production and CLIL. An empirical study. In C. Dalton-Puffer, T. Nikula, & U. Smit (Eds.), Language use and language learning in CLIL Classrooms (Vol. 7, pp. 191–212). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simensen, A. M. (1998). Teaching a foreign language. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Phillipson, R. (1985). Educational strategies in multilingual contexts. Roskilde: Roskilde Universitetscenter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Phillipson, R. (1989). Wanted! Linguistic human rights. Roskilde: Roskilde Universitetscenter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Toukomaa, P. (1976). Teaching migrant children’s mother tongue and learning the language of the host country in the context of the socio-cultural situation of the migrant family. Tampere: University of Tampere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanek, C. (2013). The educational system of Brazil. IEM Spotlight, 10(1), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundqvist, P. (2009). Extramural English matters: Out-of-school English and its impact on Swedish ninth gradersoral proficiency and vocabulary. (Diss.), Karlstad University, Karlstad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundqvist, P. (2011). A possible path to progress: Out-of-school English language learners in Sweden. In P. Benson & H. Reinders (Eds.), Beyond the language classroom (pp. 106–118). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1981). Bilingual education in Ontario: A decade of research. Toronto: Ontario Institute of Studies in Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvén, L. K. (2004/2010). Teaching in English or English teaching? On the effects of content and language integrated learning on Swedish learners’ incidental vocabulary acquisition. (Diss.), Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, Gothenburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvén, L. K. (2013). CLIL in Sweden—Why does it not work? A metaperspective on CLIL across contexts in Europe. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 16(3), 1–20. doi:10.1080/13670050.2103.777387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sylvén, L. K., & Ohlander, S. (2014). The CLISS project: Receptive vocabulary proficiency in CLIL versus non-CLIL groups. Moderna Språk, 108(2), 81–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvén, L. K., & Sundqvist, P. (2012a). Gaming as extramural English L2 learning and L2 proficiency among young learners. ReCALL, 24, 302–321. doi:10.1017/S095834401200016X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sylvén, L. K., & Sundqvist, P. (2012c). Similarities between playing World of Warcraft and CLIL. Apples—Journal of Applied Language Studies, 6(2), 113–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvén, L. K., & Thompson, A. (2015). Language learning motivation and CLIL: Is there a connection? Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 3(1), 28–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. (2010). Whole person learning. Brussels: GRLI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Japanese Ministry of Education. (2011). Chapter 4 Foreign language activities Retrieved from http://www.mext.go.jp/component/english/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/03/17/1303755_011.pdf

  • Thompson, A. S., & Sylvén, L. K. (2015). “Does English make you nervous?” Anxiety profiles of CLIL and non-CLIL students in Sweden. Apples—Journal of Applied Language Studies, 9(2), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, R. G. (1991). Developing a language-competent American society: The role of language planning. In A. G. Reynolds (Ed.), Bilingualism, multiculturalism and second language learning (pp. 65–80). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washburn, L. (1997). English immersion in Sweden: A case study of Röllingby High School, 1987–1989. Stockholm: Stockholm University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vesterbacka, S. (1991). Elever i språkbadsskola. Social bakgrund och tidig språkutveckling [Children in an immersion programme. Home-background and early language development]. Vaasa: University of Vaasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wode, H. (1999). Language learning in European immersion classes. In J. Masih (Ed.), Learning through a foreign language: Models, methods and outcomes (pp. 16–29). London: CILT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoxsimer Paulsrud, B. (2014). English-medium instruction in Sweden. Perspectives and practices in two upper secondary schools. (Diss.), Stockholm University, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sundqvist, P., Sylvén, L.K. (2016). English in Schools from Various National Perspectives. In: Extramural English in Teaching and Learning. New Language Learning and Teaching Environments. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46048-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46048-6_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-46047-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-46048-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics