Abstract
This chapter focuses on Black Africans who have come to Britain to live here from sub-Saharan African countries (or as secondary migrants from European countries) over the last three decades or so. First, the age of arrival of the population born abroad is presented. Data are then shown on the year of arrival of migrants from African countries, followed by a detailed analysis of Black African migrants by period of arrival and countries of birth in Africa. Secondary migration from European countries, especially Somalis from the Netherlands and Sweden, is then explored. The main reasons for migration are investigated: asylum seeking (including the dispersal programme), migration for study, migration for work, family migration, undocumented/illegal migrants, and trafficked populations. The adverse consequences of what may happen when international migrants settle or remain in the country, including homelessness and destitution, are analysed. Finally, integration issues are discussed.
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- 1.
The countries of birth for Central and Western Africa are Angola, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, St Helena, Togo, and Other Central and Western Africa.
- 2.
The countries of birth for South and Eastern Africa are Botswana, Burundi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Other South and Eastern Africa.
- 3.
See their Appendix 1: Estimates of Somali Europeans’ onward migration, p. 22.
- 4.
Telegraph 22 October 2003. ‘School has taken 300 pupils from families granted asylum in EU.’
- 5.
For reasons unknown, the Home Office locates Algeria in this grouping. This country was excluded.
- 6.
The cohort analyses for migration for study, work, and family migration are based on: Home Office. Migrant journey: fifth report. London: Home Office, 18 February 2015, and online data tables at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/migrant-journey-fifth-report-data-tables
- 7.
Students here are defined as full-time students who were economically active or inactive and part-time students who were economically inactive.
- 8.
See International Students. Non-UK domicile students studying in the UK. 14 November 2014. Source: HESA student record 2012/2013. Accessed at: https://www.hesa.ac.uk/blog/3343-blog-post-0004
- 9.
National Insurance numbers are issued to non-UK nationals immigrating for work. The number of NINos will include people who are coming to the UK for short periods or temporary purposes, as well as long-term migrants. The figures are based on recorded registration date on the national insurance recording and pay as you earn system (NPS), that is, after the NINo application process has been completed. This may be a number of weeks or months (and in some cases years) after arriving in the UK.
- 10.
A fourth main reason for migration amongst the sub-Saharan Africa-born population in the UK in 2014 was ‘Other’. This includes those respondents who arrived in the UK to either get married/form a civil partnership, to seek asylum, as a visitor, or for other stated reasons. This category comprised 30.9 % of main reasons for migration (371,000 ± 27,000).
- 11.
These proportions are based on the 2011 Census, table DC2208EWr.
- 12.
See Table 1.6. Overseas-born population in the UK, by nationality held, January–December 2014:
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-376534
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Aspinall, P.J., Chinouya, M.J. (2016). Patterns of Migration. In: The African Diaspora Population in Britain. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45654-0_3
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