Abstract
This chapter focuses on Black Africans who have come to Britain to live here from sub-Saharan African countries (or as secondary migrants from European countries) over the last three decades or so. First, the age of arrival of the population born abroad is presented. Data are then shown on the year of arrival of migrants from African countries, followed by a detailed analysis of Black African migrants by period of arrival and countries of birth in Africa. Secondary migration from European countries, especially Somalis from the Netherlands and Sweden, is then explored. The main reasons for migration are investigated: asylum seeking (including the dispersal programme), migration for study, migration for work, family migration, undocumented/illegal migrants, and trafficked populations. The adverse consequences of what may happen when international migrants settle or remain in the country, including homelessness and destitution, are analysed. Finally, integration issues are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The countries of birth for Central and Western Africa are Angola, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, St Helena, Togo, and Other Central and Western Africa.
- 2.
The countries of birth for South and Eastern Africa are Botswana, Burundi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Other South and Eastern Africa.
- 3.
See their Appendix 1: Estimates of Somali Europeans’ onward migration, p. 22.
- 4.
Telegraph 22 October 2003. ‘School has taken 300 pupils from families granted asylum in EU.’
- 5.
For reasons unknown, the Home Office locates Algeria in this grouping. This country was excluded.
- 6.
The cohort analyses for migration for study, work, and family migration are based on: Home Office. Migrant journey: fifth report. London: Home Office, 18 February 2015, and online data tables at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/migrant-journey-fifth-report-data-tables
- 7.
Students here are defined as full-time students who were economically active or inactive and part-time students who were economically inactive.
- 8.
See International Students. Non-UK domicile students studying in the UK. 14 November 2014. Source: HESA student record 2012/2013. Accessed at: https://www.hesa.ac.uk/blog/3343-blog-post-0004
- 9.
National Insurance numbers are issued to non-UK nationals immigrating for work. The number of NINos will include people who are coming to the UK for short periods or temporary purposes, as well as long-term migrants. The figures are based on recorded registration date on the national insurance recording and pay as you earn system (NPS), that is, after the NINo application process has been completed. This may be a number of weeks or months (and in some cases years) after arriving in the UK.
- 10.
A fourth main reason for migration amongst the sub-Saharan Africa-born population in the UK in 2014 was ‘Other’. This includes those respondents who arrived in the UK to either get married/form a civil partnership, to seek asylum, as a visitor, or for other stated reasons. This category comprised 30.9 % of main reasons for migration (371,000 ± 27,000).
- 11.
These proportions are based on the 2011 Census, table DC2208EWr.
- 12.
See Table 1.6. Overseas-born population in the UK, by nationality held, January–December 2014:
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-376534
References
Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2004). Indicators of integration: Final report (Development and Practice Report 28). London: Home Office.
Aspinall, P. J., & Watters, C. (2010). Refugees and asylum seekers: A review from an equality and human rights perspective (Research Report 52). Manchester, England: Equality and Human Rights Commission.
Brown, D. (2008, June). More destitution in Leeds: Repeat survey of destitute asylum seekers and refugees approaching local agencies for support. York, England: Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust.
Castles, S., Korac, M., Vasta, E., & Vertovec, S. (2002). Integration: Mapping the field. London: Home Office.
Cebulla, A., Daniel, M., & Zurawan, A. (2010, July). Spotlight on refugee integration: Findings from the survey of new refugees in the United Kingdom (Research Report 37). London: Home Office.
Cebulla, A., Rice, B., Tomaszewski, W., & Hough, J. (2009, July). In T. Savage (Ed.), Profiling London’s rough sleepers: A longitudinal analysis of CHAIN data. London: Broadway Homelessness and Support.
Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP). (2011, October). Child trafficking update. Retrieved from http://ceop.police.uk/Documents/ceopdocs/child_trafficking_update_2011.pdf
Council of Europe. (1997). Measurement and indicators of integration. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing.
Daley, P. (1996). Black-African: Students who stayed. In C. Peach (Ed.), Ethnicity in the 1991 Census. The ethnic minority populations of Great Britain (pp. 44–65). London: HMSO.
Evans-Pritchard, A. (2004, December 21). Frustrated Somalis flee Holland for the freedom of Britain. Daily Telegraph.
Fumanti, M., & Werbner, P. (2010). The moral economy of the African diaspora: Citizenship, networking and permeable ethnicity. African Diaspora, 3, 3–12.
Home Office. (2004). Integration matters: A national strategy for refugee integration (Draft consultation). London: Home Office.
Home Office. (2010, July). Spotlight on refugee integration: Findings from the survey of new refugees in the United Kingdom. London: Home Office.
House of Commons. (2006). Hansard. Written answer of 14 July 2006 (Col. 2116W).
Improvement and Development Agency. (2003). Taking forward community cohesion in Leicester. London: The Improvement and Development Agency.
Ipsos Mori Social Research Institute. (2010, September). A survey of refugees living in London. Report for the Greater London authority. London: Ipsos Mori.
Jivraj, S. (2013, January). How can we count immigration. Manchester, England: Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity.
Leicester City Council and Leicester Partnership. (2007, June 28). The diversity of Leicester: A demographic profile. Final draft (1st ed.). Leicester, England: Leicester City Council and Leicester Partnership.
Lewis, H. (2007). Destitution in Leeds: The experiences of people seeking asylum and supporting agencies. York, England: Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust.
Li, Y. (n.d.). The socio-economic integration of second-generation immigrants in Britain and the USA. Manchester, England: Institute for Social Change, University of Manchester. Retrieved from https://cream.conference-services.net/resources/952/2371/pdf/MECSC2011_0391_paper.pdf
Lindley, A., & van Hear, N. (2007). New Europeans on the move: A preliminary review of the onward migration of refugees within the European Union (Working Paper No. 57). Oxford, England: Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford.
Lukes, S., & Perry, J. (2014). What shapes migrant destitution and what can be done about it. Oxford, England: COMPAS, University of Oxford.
Mitton, L., & Aspinall, P. J. (2010). Black Africans in England: A diversity of integration experiences. In J. Stillwell & M. van Ham (Eds.), Ethnicity and integration: Understanding population trends and processes (Vol. 3, pp. 179–202). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Mitton, L., & Aspinall, P. J. (2011, January). Black Africans in the UK: Integration or segregation? Research findings. Understanding Population trends and Processes [UPTAP]/ESRC.
Momatrade. (2004, October 1). European conference on integration and migration: The Somali Community in focus. Amsterdam: Momatrade Consultancy.
Moret, J., & Van Eck, C. (2005). Somali refugees in the Netherlands. Strategies of exile and policy responses (SFM Studies No. 46, Country Report 4). Geneva: Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies.
Office for Standards in Education. (2003, October). The education of asylum-seeker pupils (HMI 453). London: OFSTED.
Ong, A. (1999). Flexible citizenship: The cultural logic of transnationality. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Phillimore, J., & Goodson, L. (2008). Making a place in the global city: The relevance of indicators of integration. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(3), 305–325.
Rutter, J., Cooley, L., Jones, N., & Pillai, R. (2008a). Moving up together: Promoting equality and integration among the UK’s diverse communities. London: IPPR.
Rutter, J., Cooley, L., Reynolds, S., & Sheldon, R. (2008b). From refugee to citizen: ‘Standing on my own two feet’. London: IPPR.
Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA). (2013, August). UKHTC: A strategic assessment on the nature and scale of human trafficking in 2012. London: SOCA. Retrieved from http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/ext-6538_ukhtc_strategic_assesssment_on_human_trafficking_2012_v1.01.pdf
Smart, K. (2009, January). The second destitution tally: An indication of the extent of destitution among asylum seekers, refused asylum seekers and refugees (Asylum Support Partnership).
Sporton, D., Valentine, G., & Nielsen, K. B. (2006, July). Post-conflict identities: Practices and affiliations of Somali refugee children. Briefing note 2c. Identities on the move: Mobility of young Somalis in Sheffield. Sheffield, England: University of Sheffield.
Tindal, S., Findlay, A., & Wright, R. (2014, May). The changing significance of EU and international students’ participation in Scottish higher education (Working Paper 49). Southampton, England: ESRC Centre for Population Change.
Valentine, G., Sporton, D., & Nielsen, K. (2009). Identities and belonging: A study of Somali refugee and asylum seekers living in the UK and Denmark. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27, 234–250.
Van den Reek, E., & Hussein, A. I. (2004). Somaliërs op doorreis—Verhuisgedrag van Nederlandse Somaliërs naar Engeland. Tilburg, The Netherlands: Wetenschapswinkel, University of Tilburg.
Van Liempt, I. (2007). Navigating borders: Inside perspective on the process of human smuggling into the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Werbner, R. (2002). Cosmopolitan ethnicity, entrepreneurship and the nation: Minority elites in Botswana. Journal of Southern African Studies, 28(4), 731–753.
Woodbridge, J. (2005) Sizing the unauthorised (illegal) migrant population in the United Kingdom in 2001 (Home Office Online Report 29/0). London: Home Office.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aspinall, P.J., Chinouya, M.J. (2016). Patterns of Migration. In: The African Diaspora Population in Britain. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45654-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45654-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-45653-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-45654-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)